Table 1 Supportive literature on Kirkpatrick’s model for evaluating training programs in different sectors.

Rajeev et al. (2009)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

Evaluation of biochemical, biotechnology and microbiological techniques

The trainees gained knowledge and practical skills significantly.

Rahman et al. (2019)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

Evaluation of the REMODE training programme to increase the entrepreneurship knowledge relating to aquaculture industry.

Researchers found that participants’ behavior changed as they learned about business diversification, growth, product innovation, and record management.

Moldovan (2016)

All Four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

Development of a new eQvet-us training model and evaluation on the basis of the model developed.

The model helped trainees plan their intervention and identify training transfer and business results factors.

Vizeshfar et al. (2018)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the health volunteers complementary training programme on first aid.

The results showed that participants’ first aid knowledge increased. Overall model effectiveness was observed with the model. It reduced training effectiveness evaluation time and cost.

Mohamed and Alias (2012)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

The Effectiveness of Training programs in Banking Sector is evaluated in the study.

Study results showed that respondents were satisfied with module content, speaker facilitation, and knowledge gained.

Ulum (2015)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

Program evaluation as an aspect of Education.

The study found Kirkpatrick’s Model suitable for education programme evaluation.

Ozturan and Kutlu (2010)

Reaction, Learning, Results

Examine the level of employee satisfaction in the companies where e-learning is used as a corporate tool.

The model only accounts for 2.1% of satisfaction. The learning-based satisfaction model is also significant, accounting for 0.4%.

Tan and Newman (2013)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

This study investigates the application and scope of the sales training, types of evaluation method utilized, measures the effectiveness of the sales programs and remedial actions taken to improve training effectiveness.

This research demonstrates increased sales force productivity.

Yi et al. (2020)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

Evaluation of International Pharmacy Educational Programs (IPEP) is investigated in the study.

Students who attended the programme expressed high levels of satisfaction. They reacted positively. There was no statistical difference in the learning level.

Additional efforts may be required to improve students’ clinical practice competency in the future.

Passmore and Velez (2012)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

Development of a new model foe evaluation in a more collaborative and analytical manner.

The SOAP Model was created using Kirkpatrick’s framework and a few other frameworks as the foundation for developing a collaborative model for evaluation.

The model developed considers individuals’ potential, as well as additional meta-analysis for future research and scope.

Rafiq (2016)

All four Reaction, Learning, Transfer, Results

Evaluating the effectiveness of training programs for Pakistan International Airlines (PIA).

Participants showed positive reactions while learning and developing new skills. The participants particularly benefited from the soft skills training.

Hamtini, (2008)

All 3 Levels Reaction, Learning, Transfer

Evaluation of the E learning Programs in the Education Sector

The existing training models are inadequate for e-learning environments. The results conclude that learning occurs within the organization and that it is mutually beneficial to both the organization and the individual employees.

Bijani et al. (2018)

All four Levels Reaction, Learning, Transfer, and Results

Evaluation of the training programs in the Nursing educational training programs

Level 1 (Reaction) effectiveness evaluation showed poor performance by experimental groups.

Level 2 (learning) evaluation scores are average.

Level 3 results showed poor performance before intervention but improved after educational intervention.

Level 4 results show no significant performance change before and after interventions.

Rouse, (2011)

All three levels Reaction, Learning, and Transfer

Evaluation of the HIM courses

The HIM course evaluation was accurate because all three levels were used. The fourth level, which considers systemic or organizational impact, was not used.

Aryadoust, (2016)

Two levels Reaction and Learning

Evaluation of the training programs of the tertiary level writing course

This study uses the first two levels. The Kirkpatrick’s model lacks guidelines for assessing the effectiveness of techniques and methodologies, so only first two levels were used to guide survey-based methods.

Baskin, (2001)

Three Levels Learning, Transfer, and Results

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the collaborative online course

Based on Kirkpatrick’s model’s levels two, three, and four, the study was successful.

Abdelhakim et al. (2018)

All four levels Reaction, Learning, Transfer, and Results

Evaluation of the cabin crew food safety training programs

The study suggests evaluating food safety and utility.