Skip to main content
Log in

The New Bioeconomy and the Future of Agriculture

  • Dialogue
  • Published:
Development Aims and scope

Abstract

Rachel Smolker argues that the future of agriculture will be determined by how we respond to the decreased availability of cheap energy. She suggests that if we simply substitute plant biomass energy in place of fossil fuel energy, we are doomed. Instead, we need to reduce our consumption of energy by dramatically restructuring our lifestyles and relocalizing the production and consumption of food and biomass.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. See, for example: The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development Report, and note the UN FAO Summit on Food and Bioenergy, held in Rome, 3–6 June 2008.

  2. From National Renewable Energy Laboratory ‘bioproducts’ webpage http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_bioproducts.html.

  3. From testimony before the US Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry by David K. Garman, at the time the Assistant Secretary of EERE and Acting Under Secretary to Energy, Science and Environment.

  4. Vision for bioenergy and biobased products in the US: Bioeconomy for a sustainable future. 2006 Biomass Research and Development Initiative, DOE.

  5. Corporate consolidation.

  6. Canadian Plastics 7 April 2007 Ontario BioAuto Council Bioplastics 101 workshop overview. http://www.canplastics.com/issues/PrinterFriendly.asp?story_id=&id=82551&RType=&PC=&issue=04072008.

  7. June 2008 Plant Genetic Engineering for Biofuel Production: Towards Affordable Cellulosic Ethanol. Nature Review Genetics (on Spartan Corn).

  8. See, for example: The Gallagher Review of the Indirect Effects of Biofuels Production. Renewable Fuels Agency. UK 2008.

References

  • Becker, Gero, Evelyn Coleman, Sebastian Hetsch, Yves Kazemi and Kit Prins (2006) ‘Mobilizing Wood Resources: Can Europe's forests satisfy the increasing demand for raw material and energy under sustainable forest management?’, Background paper.

  • Brown, Lester R. (2008) ‘Why Ethanol Production Will Drive World Food Prices Even Higher in 2008’, Environmental News Service, 25 January.

  • Cossalter, Christian and Charlie Pye-Smith (2003) Fast Wood Forestry: Myths and realities, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotula, Lorenzo, Nat Dyer and Sonja Vermeulen (2008) Fuelling Exclusion: The biofuels boom and poor people's access to land, London, UK: FAO and International Institute for Environment and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crutzen, Paul J., Arvin R. Mosier, Keith A. Smith and Wilfried Winiwarter (2008) ‘N2O Release from Agro-Biofuel Production Negates Global Warming Reduction by Replacing Fossil Fuels’, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8 (2): 389–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2007) State of the World's Forests 2007, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at http://http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0773e/a0773e00.htm.

  • Fargione, Joseph, Jason Hill, David Tilman, Stephen Polasky and Peter Hawthorne (2008) ‘Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt’, Science 319: 1235–1238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field, Christopher B., J. Elliott Campbell and David B. Lobell (2008)‘Biomass Energy: The scale of the potential resource’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23(2): 65–72.

  • Gonsalves, Joseph B. (2006) ‘An Assessment of the Biofuels Industry in India’, prepared for UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2006/6.

  • Hooijer, Alijosja, Marcel Silvius, Henk Wösten and Susan Page (2006) ‘PEAT-CO2, Assessment of CO2 Emissions from Drained Peatlands in SE Asia’, Delft Hydraulics Report Q3943. Available online at http://www.wetlands.org/publication.aspx?id=51a80e5f-4479-4200-9be0-66f1aa9f9ca9.

  • International Energy Agency (IEA) (2006) ‘World Energy Outlook 2006’, Chapter 14, The Outlook for Biofuels, Paris: OECD Publications.

  • Klute, Marianne (2007) ‘Green Gold Biodiesel: Players in Indonesia’, Available online at http://www.Biofuelwatch.org.

  • Lang, Chris (2007) Banks, Pulp and People: A primer on upcoming international pulp projects, Sassenberg, Germany: Urgewald e.V.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marris, Emma (2008) ‘Nitrogen Pollution on Biodiversity: Long term effects of low level pollution may have been underestimated’, Nature, 26 February. Available online at http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080206/full/news.2008.561.html#B1>1.

  • Marti, Serge (2007) ‘Losing Ground: The human rights impacts of oil palm plantation expansion in Indonesia’, Friends of the Earth, LifeMosaic and Sawit Watch.Available online at http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/losingground-summary.pdf.

  • Montfort, Joe (2007) ‘Despite Obstacles, Biofuels Continue to Surge’, Worldwatch, 24 April.

  • Network for Social Justice and Human Rights and Pastoral Land Commission (2007) Agroenergy: Myths and impacts in Latin America, Brazil: Network for Social Justice and Human Rights and Pastoral Land Commission.

  • OECD–FAO (2007) OECD–FAO Agricultural Outlook 2007–2016, Paris and Rome: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

  • Petermann, Anne and Brian Tokar (2007) ‘Global Forest Coalition, Global Justice Ecology Project and Institute for Social Ecology’. Available online.

  • Randerson, James (2008) ‘Consequences of GM contamination ‘set to worsen’’, Guardian, 18 February.

  • Roland, Jim (2007) ‘An Estimation of the Expected CO2 Emissions Caused by Producing South East Asian Palm Oil for Biodiesel, Compared with the Avoided Diesel Emissions’, Biofuelwatch, February. Available online at http://www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/SE_Asia_palm_biodiesel_analysis.doc.

  • Searchinger, Timothy, Ralph Heimlich, Richard A. Houghton, Fengxia Dong, Amani Elobeid, Jacinto Fabiosa, Simla Tokgoz, Dermot Hayes and Tun-Hsiang Yu (2008) ‘Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-use Change’, Science 319: 1238–1240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, Jeff (2008) Composites Update: Biomased composites begin to grow, Composites World. Available online at http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/bio-composites-update-bio-based-resins-begin-to-grow.aspx#.

  • Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria and Parshuram Tamang (2007) ‘United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues: Oil palm and other commercial tree plantations, monocropping: impacts on indigenous peoples’, Land Tenure and Resource management Systems and Livelihoods. Available online at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/special_rapporteurs.html.

  • UNEP (2007) ‘Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss. Last Stand of the Orangutan. State of Emergency: Illegal logging, fire and palm oil in Indonesia's national parks’, Available online at http://www.grida.no/products.aspx?m=23&amid=571.

  • World Development Report (2007) ‘Agriculture for Development’, World Bank.

  • World Rainforest Movement (2005) ‘Pulp Mills: From monoculture to industrial pollution. Available online at http://wrm.org.

  • Xinhua (2007) ‘China to Boost Forest-Based Bioenergy’, 17 July.

Download references

Authors

Additional information

Indicates that the future of agriculture will be determined by how we respond to the decreased availability of cheap energy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smolker, R. The New Bioeconomy and the Future of Agriculture. Development 51, 519–526 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2008.67

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2008.67

Keywords

Navigation