Abstract
This article is a case study of Tsinghua University, one of China's most influential universities, which has special national significance and strong political ties to the state. Recalling three chapters in the past century of Tsinghua's history, this paper gives an interpretive understanding of how the intertwined relationship between academia and officialdom has acted as a double-edged sword in shaping the University's autonomy. It shows an interesting interplay between the university and the state, revealing the mechanisms of the state's control over the university, and the strategies adopted by the university to gain relative freedom. The article concludes by explaining how, in the context of China, an individual university can contend with the state's power to strive for its own autonomy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai, C.-X. (1928) ‘Zongli Danchen Jilianhui Yanjiang [A Speech Giving in the Memorial Meeting on the Birthday of Sun Yat-Sen]’, in Compilation Group of Tsinghua History (1981) (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Xiaosgu Gao [History of Tsinghua University], Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, p. 95.
Bain, O. (2003) University Autonomy in the Russian Federation Since Perestroika, New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Berdahl, R. (1993) ‘Public Universities and State Government: Is the Tension Benign?’, in European Centre for Higher Education (ed.) Academic Freedom and University Autonomy, Bucharest: UNESCO, European Centre for Higher Education.
Berdahl, R., Graham, J. and Piper, D.R. (1971) Statewide Coordination of Higher Education, Washington: American Council on Education.
Bodiguel, J.-L. (1990) ‘Political and administrative traditions and the french senior civil service’, International Journal of Public Administration 13: 707–740.
Cai, Y.-P. (1922) ‘“Jiaoyu Duli Yi” [Independence of Education]’, in P.-S. Gao (ed.) Cai Yuan-Pei Jiaoyu Lunzhu Xuan [Collection of Works of Cai Yuan-Pei], Beijing: People's Educational Press.
Cai, Y.-P. (1986) Cai Yuanpei Quanqi [Collections of Cai Yuanpei's Works] Vol. 4, Beijing: Zhonghua Publish House.
Clark, B.R. (1984) Perspectives on Higher Education: Eight Disciplinary and Comparative Views, Berkeley/London: University of California Press.
Compilation Group of Tsinghua History. (1981) Qinghua Daxue Xiaoshi Gao [History of Tsinghua University], Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Fang, H.-J. and Zhang, S.-J. (eds.) (2001a) Qinghua Daxue Zhi [Annals of Tsinghua University] Vol. 1, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Fang, H.-J. and Zhang, S.-J. (eds.) (2001b) Qinghua Daxue Zhi [Annals of Tsinghua University] Vol. 2, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Feng, Y.-L. (1987) ‘Qinghua Fazhan De Guocheng Shi Zhongguo Jingdai Xueshu Zouxiang Duli De Guocheng [The Development of Tsinghua Is a Course of the Independence of Chinese Learning]’, in L.J. Zhuang (ed.) Shiji Qinghua [Tsinghua in a Century], Beijing: Guangming Daily Press.
Galbraith, J.K. (1972) The New Industrial State 2nd edn., Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Gao, P.-S. (ed.) (1991) Cai Yuan-Pei Jiaoyu Lunzhu Xuan [Collection of Works of Cai Yuan-Pei], Beijing: People's Educational Press.
Gao, Q. (1992) Zhongguo Gaodeng Jiaoyu Sixiang Shi [History of Chinese Thought of Higher Education], Beijing: People's Educational Press.
General Office of Tsinghua University. (1959) Qinghua Daxue Yilan [A General Survey of Tsinghua University], Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Green, M.F. and Hayward, F.M. (1997) ‘Force for Change’, in M.F. Green (ed.) Transforming Higher Education: Views from Leaders around the World, Phoenix: Oryx, pp. 1–27.
Hayhoe, R. (1996) China's Universities, 1895–1995: A Century of Cultural Conflict, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., (1999 new edition), Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong..
Hayhoe, R. and Zhong, N. (1997) ‘University Autonomy and Civil Society’, in T. Brook and B.M. Frolic (eds.) Civil Society in China, London: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 99–123.
Hetherington, H. (1965) ‘University Autonomy’, in International Association of Universities (ed.) University Autonomy: Its Meaning Today, Paris: International Association of Universities.
Huang, Y.-F. (2000) Ersanshi Niandai Qinghua Xiaoyuan Wenhua [School Culture of Tsinghua University in the 1920s and 1930s], Guangxi: Guangxi Normal University Press.
Hunt, M. (1972) ‘The American remission of Boxer Indemnity: a reappraisal’, Journal of Asian Studies 31: 545–546.
Husen, T. (1994) ‘The Idea of the University: Changing Roles, Current Crisis and Future Challenges’, in T. Husen (ed.) The Role of the University: A Global Perspective, Tokyo: United Nations University, pp. 7–31.
Institute of History of Tsinghua University. (2001) Shuimu Qinghua, Qunxing Cuican [Great Masters in Tsinghua University], Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
James, E.J. (1906) ‘Monorandum Concerning the Sending of an Educational Commission to China’, in Compilation Group of History of Tsinghua University (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Shiliao Xuanbian [Selected Compilation of Historical Document of Tsinghua University] Vol. 1, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Jiang, N.-X. (1998) Jiang Nanxiang Wen Ji [A Collection of Works of Jiang Nanxiang], Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Law, W.-W. (1995) ‘The role of the state in higher education reform: mainland China and Taiwan’, Comparative Education Review 39: 322–355.
Law, W.-W. (1996) ‘Fortress state, cultural continuities and economic change: higher education in mainland China and Taiwan’, Comparative Education 32: 377–393.
Li, C. (2000) China's Leaders: The New Generation, Lanham/Boulder/New York/Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Li, Z.-B., Fang, H.-J. and An, H.-X. (1997) Jianchi Yu Chaoyue [Endurance and Victory], Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Liang, C. (1905) ‘Letter to Ministry of External Affairs’, in Compilation Group of History of Tsinghua University (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Shiliao Xuanbian [Selected Compilation of Historical Document of Tsinghua University] Vol. 1, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Maassen, P. and van Vught, F. (1994) ‘Alternative Models of Governmental Steering in Higher Education’, in L. Goedegebuure and F. van Vught (eds.) Comparative Policy Studies in Higher Education, Utrecht: Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, pp. 35–65.
Marceau, J. (1989) A Family Business?: The Making of an International Business Élite, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mei, Z.-Y. (1946) ‘Huainian Xianfu Mei Yi-Qi Xiaozhang [a Memory to My Father, President Mei Yi-Qi]’, in L.J. Zhuang (ed.) Shiji Qinghua [Tsinghua University in a Century] Vol. 2 Beijing: Guangming Daily Press.
Miller, K. (2002) Organizational Communication: Approaches and Processes, USA: Thomson Learning Academic.
de Moor, R.A. (1993) ‘Academic Freedom and University Autonomy: Essentials and Limitations’, in European Centre for Higher Education (ed.) Academic Freedom and University Autonomy, Bucharest: UNESCO: European Centre for Higher Education.
National Tsinghua University. (1929) ‘Charter of National Tsinghua University’, in Compilation Group of History of Tsinghua University (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Shiliao Xuanbian [Selected Compilation of Historical Document of Tsinghua University] Vol. 2 Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Neave, G. (2000a) Abiding Issues, Changing Perspectives: Visions of the University Across a Half Century, Paris: International Association of Universities Press.
Neave, G. (2000b) ‘Diversity, differentiation and the market: the debate we never had but which we ought to have done’, Higher Education Policy 13: 7–21.
Neave, G. (2003) ‘On scholars, Hippopotami and Von Humboldt: higher education in Europe in transition’, Higher Education Policy 16: 135–140.
Niblett, W.R. (1972) ‘Issues and Choices’, in W.R. Niblett and R.F. Butts (eds.) University Facing the Future, Great Britain: Evans Brothers Limited.
Ordorika, I. (2003) ‘The limits of university autonomy: power and politics at the universidad nacional autonoma De Mexico’, Higher Education 46: 361–388.
Ouyang, J.-X., Liu, W.-Y., Xu, X.-D. and An, H.-X. (1992) ‘Jiefang Chuqi Jiaoyu Gaizao De Lishi Yiyi [Significance of the Educational Remodification in the Early Period of Liberation]’, Research on Education of Tsinghua University 2: 79–84.
Pan, S.-Y. (2003) How Higher Educational Institutions Cope with Social Change: The Case of Tsinghua University China unpublished PhD thesis, Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Pan, S.-Y. (2006) ‘Economic globalisation, politico-cultural identity, and university autonomy: the struggle of Tsinghua University in China’, Journal of Education Policy 21: 245–266.
Polin, R. (1983) ‘Freedom of Mind and University Autonomy’, in J.W. Chapman (ed.) The Western University on Trial, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Professor Association. (1930) ‘Guoli Qinghua Daxue Jiaoshouhui Xuanyan [Declaration of the Professor Association of National Tsinghua University]’, in Compilation Group of History of Tsinghua University (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Shiliao Xuanbian [Selected Compilation of Historical Document of Tsinghua University], Vol. 2 Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Professor Association. (1931) ‘Jiaoshouhui Chen Jiaoyubu Dianwen [Telegram sent by Professor Association to the Ministry of Education]’, in Compilation Group of History of Tsinghua University (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Shiliao Xuanbian [Selected Compilation of Historical Document of Tsinghua University] Vol. 2 Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 1991..
Putnam, R.D. (1976) The Comparative Study of Political Elites, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Qu, S.-P. (1993) Zhongguo Daxue Jiaoyu Fazhan Shi [History of Development of Chinese Higher Education], Shan Xi: Shanxi Educational Press.
Su, Y.-F. (1996) Cong Qinghua Xuetang Dao Qinghua Daxue: 1911-1929 [From Tsinghua College to Tsinghua University: 1911–1929], Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica.
Su, Y.-F. (2000) Kangzhan Qian De Qinghua Daxue: 1928–1937 [Tsinghua University Before Wartime: 1928–1937], Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica.
Thorens, J. (1993) ‘Proposal for an International Declaration on Academic Freedom and University Autonomy’, in European Centre for Higher Education (ed.) Academic Freedom and University Autonomy, Bucharest: UNESCO: European Centre for Higher Education.
Thorens, J. (2006) ‘Liberties, Freedom and Autonomy: A Few Reflections on Academia’, s Estate’, Higher Education Policy 19: 87–110.
Tsinghua Imperial College. (1911) Qinghua Xuetang Zhangcheng [Charter of Tsinghua Imperial College], Beijing: Tsinghua College Press.
Tsinghua University. (2003) Tsinghua University's Presidents and Party Secretaries retrieved 8 December 2003, available online.
Tsinghua Weekly. (1921) ‘Qinghua Xuexiao Dangju Jujue Tiaoting [Tsinghua College's Refusal to the State's Intervention]’, in Compilation Group of History of Tsinghua University (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Shiliao Xuanbian [Selected Compilation of Historical Document of Tsinghua University], Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Tunnermann, C. (1996) ‘A New Vision of Higher Education’, Higher Education Policy 9: 11–27.
U.S. Congress. (1908) ‘Draft of Constitution for the Students to Be Sent to America’, in Compilation Group of History of Tsinghua University (1991) (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Shiliao Xuanbian [Selected Compilation of Historical Document of Tsinghua University] Vol. 1 Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
Wang, T.-F. (2001a) ‘Qinghua Chuantong Hezai’ [Where Have Tsinghua's Traditions Gone?]’, 1–23.
Wang, T.-F. (2001b) ‘Youhong Youzhuan Bukan Huishou De Niandai [Can’t Bear Looking Back across the Years of ‘Red and Expert’]’, Yue Hai Feng [Journal of Thinking and Reflection] 3: 18–22.
Weerts, D.J. (2002) State Government and Research Universities: A Framework for a Renewed Partnership, New York/London: Routledge Falmer.
Wende, M.C.v.d. (2001) ‘Internationalisation policies: about new trends and contrasting paradigms’, Higher Education Policy 14: 249–259.
Wilkinson, R. (1964) Gentlemanly Power: British Leadership and the Public School Tradition; A Comparative Study in the Making of Rulers, London: Oxford University Press.
Wolff, R.P. (1992) The Ideal of the University: With a New Introduction by the Author, New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
Xinhuanet, (2006) Hu Jintao Jianli [Hu Jintao's Curriculum Vitae] available online.
Yepes, C.s.d.P. (2006) ‘World regionalization of higher education: policy proposals for international organizations’, Higher Education Policy 19: 111–128.
Young, M. (1958) The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870 to 2033, London: Thames & Hudson.
Zhang, T.-Y. (1908) ‘Qingmei Tongmeng Zhi Libi [Advantages and Disadvantages of the Alliance between Qing Dynasty and the United States]’, in Compilation Group of Tsinghua History (1981) (ed.) Qinghua Daxue Xiaoshi Gao [History of Tsinghua University], Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, p. 4.
Zhao, Z.-J. (1996) Gaodeng Xuexiao De Xuesheng Daikuan [Loans to Students of Higher Educational Institutions], Sichuan: Sichuan Education Press.
Zhou, J. (2003) ‘Lishixing De Kuayue Xingzhengtu De Zhongren: Zhongguo Gaodeng Jiaoyu Gaige Yu Fazhan De Huigu He Zhanwang [Progress and Tasks: A Review and Prospect of the Reform and Development of Chinese Higher Education]’, Mainland-Hong Kong Academic Exchange 3: 3–8.
Acknowledgements
This article is based on the writer's PhD thesis, submitted to The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Education in December 2003. She expresses her gratitude to Dr Wing-Wah Law for his helpful comments and constructive ideas that inspired and refined this article. However, the writer alone is responsible for any mistakes in it.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pan, SY. Intertwining of Academia and Officialdom and University Autonomy: Experience from Tsinghua University in China. High Educ Policy 20, 121–144 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300149
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300149