TABLE 1
FROM:
Estimating Wal-Mart's Impacts in Maryland: A Test of Identification Strategies and Endogeneity Tests
Michael J Hicks
BACK TO ARTICLETable 1. Studies of labor markets
| Author | Study design | Findings | Consistent with theories of: |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hicks and Wilburn [2001] | Time space recursive panel model of 55 WV counties, 1988–2000, annual data | Increase in employment by roughly 54 retail jobs, small increase in firms, no wage impact | Income effect, retail clustering |
| Basker [2005a, 2005b] | IV panel of 1,700 larger US counties, 1977–2000 | Increase in employment by roughly 50 retail jobs, partially offset by loss of 10 wholesale jobs, and small (1–3) reduction in retail firms | Income effect, retail clustering |
| Hicks [2005a, 2005b] | A panel of eight Pennsylvania counties with a Wal-Mart entrance in 2002. Estimate of labor market impacts using Quarterly Workforce indicators | A roughly 50 worker net increase in retail sector and a $0.50 per hour increase in new hire wages. | Income effect, retail clustering |
| Global Insight [2005] | Structural model of all US counties, 1969–2003 | Increase in employment, decrease in nominal wages | Income effect, retail clustering |
| Neumark et al. [2005] | IV panel of all US counties, 1977–1995. Estimate of retail wage and employment, and total earnings and employment at the county level | Decline in retail employment of 2–4%, evidence of retail wage decrease, increase in overall employment, but decrease in overall real wages | Productivity increase |
| Dube et al. [2005] | IV of selected US counties, 1992–2000 | Find wage decrease in urban retail markets following Wal-Mart entrance, and possible wage increase in rural areas. | Income effect, productivity effect |
| Sobel and Dean [2005] | Cross-sectional and SAR test of US states | Finds no Wal-Mart impact on small businesses | Income effect |