Skip to main content
Log in

Effects of Maternal Depression on Social Interactions

  • Symposium Article
  • Published:
Eastern Economic Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We estimate the effects of a shock in mental health — postpartum depression — on the mother’s social interactions 1–3 years after her child’s birth. We address the potential endogeneity of depression by establishing the temporal ordering of events, incorporating rich control variables, conducting falsification tests, and estimating two-stage models. We find no evidence that postpartum depression affects social interactions — as characterized by participation in various types of community organizations and regular religious attendance — during the child’s third year of life, although it may cause a short-lived decline in social interactions in the first year.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alesina, A., and E. La Ferrara . 2002. Who Trusts Others? Journal of Public Economics, 85 (2): 207–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almedom, A.M. 2005. Social Capital and Mental Health: An Interdisciplinary Review of Primary Evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 61 (5): 943–964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin, K., B. Lindgren, M. Lindstrom, and P. Nysted . 2003. Investments in Social Capital — Implications of Social Interactions for the Production of Health. Social Science & Medicine, 56 (12): 2379–2390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y., D. Bishai, and C.S. Minkovitz . 2009. Multiple Births are a Risk Factor for Postpartum Maternal Depressive Symptoms. Pediatrics, 123 (4): 1147–1154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. 1988. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94: S95–S120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corman, H., K. Noonan, N.E. Reichman, and J. Schultz . 2012. Effects of Financial Insecurity on Social Interactions. Journal of Socio-Economics, 41 (5): 574–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Silva, M., K. McKenzie, T. Harpham, and S. Huttly . 2005. Social Capital and Mental Illness: A Systematic Review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59 (8): 619–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Tychey, C., S. Briancon, J. Lighezzolo, E. Spitz, B. Kabuth, V. De Luigi, C. Messembourg, F. Girvan, A. Rosati, A. Thockler, and S. Vincent . 2008. Quality of Life, Postnatal Depression and Baby Gender. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17 (3): 312–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, S. 2001. Comorbid Major Depression and Social Phobia. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry: Psychotherapy Casebook, 3 (4): 179–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C.G., and L.K. George . 1994. Religious Involvement, Social Ties, and Social Support in a Southeastern Community. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33 (1): 46–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field, T. 2010. Postpartum Depression Effects on Early Interactions, Parenting, and Safety Practices: A Review. Infant Behavior and Development, 33 (1): 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWB). 2012. Core scales documentation, http://www.fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/documentation/core/scales/ff_1yr_scales.pdf (accessed January 3, 2012).

  • Glaeser, E.L., D.I. Laibson, J.A. Scheinkman, and C.L. Soutter . 2000. Measuring Trust. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115 (3): 811–846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaeser, E., D. Laibson, and B. Sacerdote . 2002. An Economic Approach to Social Capital. Economic Journal, 112 (483): F437–F458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi, I., D. Kim, A. Coutts, and S. Subramanian . 2004. Commentary: Reconciling the Three Accounts of Social Capital. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33 (4): 682–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R., S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, J. Alonso, S. Chatterji, S. Lee, J. Ormel, T.B Üstün, and P.S. Wang . 2009. The Global Burden of Mental Disorders: An Update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 18 (1): 23–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiecolt, K.J., E. Morris, and J.G. Toussaint . 2006. Race and social trust. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

  • Kim, D., C.F. Baum, M.L. Ganz, S.V. Subramanian, and I. Kawachi . 2011. The Contextual Effects of Social Capital on Health: A Cross-National Instrumental Variable Analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 73 (12): 1689–1697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knack, S., and P. Keefer . 1997. Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (4): 1251–1288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcotte, D.E., V. Wilcox-Gok, and P.D. Redmon . 2000. The Labor Market Effects of Mental Illness — The Case of Affective Disorders. Research in Human Capital and Development, 13: 181–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. 2002. Postpartum Depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287 (6): 762–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C., D. Notterman, J. Brooks-Gunn, I. Kotenko, K. Jaeger, J. Hobcraft, I. Garfinkel, and S. McLanahan . 2011. The Role of Mother’s Genes and Environment in Postpartum Depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (20): 8189–8193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirowsky, J., and C. Ross . 2001. Age and the Effect of Economic Hardship on Depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42 (2): 132–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, L., A. Fiori-Cowley, R. Hooper, and P. Cooper . 1996. The Impact of Postnatal Depression and Associated Adversity on Early Mother-Infant Interactions and Later Infant Outcome. Child Development, 67 (5): 2512–2526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). 2013. The numbers count: Mental disorders in America, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml (accessed May 27, 2013).

  • O’Hara, M.W., and A.M. Swain . 1996. Rates and Risk of Postpartum Depression: A Meta Analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 8 (1): 37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, J.F., and S.D. Bazemore . 2010. Prenatal and Postpartum Depression in Fathers and its Association with Maternal Depression: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303 (19): 1961–1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R.D. 1995. Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 6 (1): 65–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R.D. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reichman, N.E., J.O Teitler, I. Garfinkel, and S. McLanahan . 2001. Fragile Families: Sample and Design. Children and Youth Services Review, 23 (4): 303–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saffer, H. 2008. The Demand for Social Interaction. Journal of Socio-Economics, 37 (3): 1047–1060.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J., H. Corman, K. Noonan, and N.E. Reichman . 2009. Effects of Child Health on Parents’ Social Capital. Social Science & Medicine, 69 (1): 76–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smidt, C. 1999. Religion and Civic Engagement: A Comparative Analysis. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 565 (1): 176–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stowe, Z.N., and C. B. Nemeroff . 1995. Women at Risk for Postpartum-Onset Major Depression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 173 (2): 639–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teitler, J.O., and N.E. Reichman . 2008. Mental Illness as a Barrier to Marriage Among Unmarried Mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70 (3): 772–782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, R., and K. McKenzie . 2005. Social Capital and Psychiatry: Review of the Literature. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 13 (2): 71–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildsmith, E., N.R. Steward-Streng, and J. Manlove . 2011. Childbearing outside of marriage: Estimates and trends in the United States. Child Trends Research Brief. Publication #2011–29, http://childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Child_Trends-2011_11_01_RB_NonmaritalCB.pdf (accessed May 27, 2013).

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Eline Aas and the other participants at the Fourth Workshop on Social Capital and Health in Padova, Italy in October 2012 for helpful comments and to Taťána Čepková for excellent research assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Appendix

Appendix

Table A1

Table A1 Bivariate probit estimates of effects of postpartum depression and covariates on social interactions

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Corman, H., Noonan, K. & Reichman, N. Effects of Maternal Depression on Social Interactions. Eastern Econ J 40, 226–248 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1057/eej.2014.5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/eej.2014.5

Keywords

JEL Classifications

Navigation