Abstract
We outline a Punctuated Socio-Technical Information System Change model. The model recognizes both incremental and punctuated socio-technical change in the context of information systems at multiple levels – the work system level, the building system level, and the organizational environment. It uses socio-technical event sequences and their properties to explain how a change outcome emerged. The critical events in these sequences correspond to gaps in socio-technical systems. By conceiving information system (IS) change as a multi-level and punctuated sequence of socio-technical events, IS researchers can conceive plausible and accurate process explanations of IS change outcomes, including IS failures. Such explanations are located in the middle range and thus avoid the highly abstract and stylized closed-boxed factor models of change, but go beyond the idiographic open box histories of singular change processes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Hamid TK and Madnick SE (1989) Lessons learned form modeling the dynamics of software development. Communications of the ACM 32 (12), 1426–1455.
Abdel-Hamid TK and Madnick SE (1990) The elusive silver lining: how we fail to learn from software development failures. Sloan Management Review 32 (1), 39–48.
Abdel-Hamid TK and Madnick SE (1991) Software Project Dynamics: An Integrated Approach. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Agar M (2004) Non-linear dynamic applied anthropology. Human Organization 63, 4.
Alter S (2002) The work system method for understanding information systems and information system research. Communications of the AIS 9, 90–104.
Alter S (2005) Architecture of Sysperanto – a model based ontology of the IS field. Communications of the Association of Information Systems 15, 1–40.
Axelrod R and Cohen MD (2000) Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier. Free Press, New York.
Baier V and March J (1986) Implementation and ambiguity. Scandinavian Journal of Management Studies 4, 197–212.
Beath CM (1987) Managing the user relationship in information systems development projects: a transaction governance approach. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Systems (DeGross J and Driebel C, Eds), Pittsburgh, PA, pp 415–427.
Bergman M, King J and Lyytinen K (2002a) Large scale requirements analysis as heterogeneous engineering. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems 14, 37–56.
Bergman M, King JL and Lyytinen K (2002b) Large-scale requirements analysis revisited: the need for understanding the political ecology of requirements engineering. Requirements Engineering 7 (3), 152–171.
Bhaskar R (1978) Realist Theory of Science. Harvester Press, Sussex.
Bhaskar R (1979) The Possibility of Naturalism. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hampstead.
Black LJ, Carlile PR and Repenning NP (2004) A dynamic theory of expertise and occupational boundaries in new technology implementation: building on barley's study of CT scanning. Administrative Science Quarterly 49 (4), 572–607.
Bloomfield B and Vurdubakis T (1994) Boundary disputes- negotiating the boundary between the technical and social in the development of IT systems. Information Technology & People 7, 9–24.
Boehm BW and Ross R (1989) Theory-W software project management: principles and examples. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 15 (7), 902–916.
Ciborra C and Lanzara GF (1987) Formative contexts of systems design. In Information Systems Development for Human Progress (KLEIN H and KUMAR K, Eds), pp 27–52, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Cilliers P (1998) Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems. Routledge, London.
Cohen M, March J and Olsen J (1972) A garbage can model organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly 17, 1–25.
Curtis B, Krasner H and Iscoe N (1988) A field study of the software design process for large systems. Communications of the Association of Computer Machinery 31 (11), 1268–1287.
Cyert R and March J (1963) The Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Damanpour F (1991) Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal 34 (3), 555–590.
Davis GB, Lee AS, Nickles KR, Chatterjee S, Hartung R and Wu YY (1992) Diagnosis of an information system failure: a framework and interpretive process. Information & Management 23 (2), 293–318.
DeSanctis G and Poole S (1994) Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: adaptive structuration theory. Organization Science 5 (2), 79–110.
DiMaggio PJ and Powell WW (1983) The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review 48, 147–160.
Dobson P (2001) The philosophy of critical realism- an opportunity for information system research. Information Systems Frontiers 3 (2), 199–210.
Drummond H (1996a) Escalation in Decision-Making: The Tragedy of Taurus. Oxford University Press, Oxford England; New York.
Drummond H (1996b) The politics of risk: trials and tribulations of the Taurus project. Journal of Information Technology 11, 347–357.
Eisenhardt K (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review 14 (4), 532–556.
Flanagan JC (1954) The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin 5 (4), 327–358.
Fox-Wolfgramm SJ, Boal KB and Hunt JG (1998) Organizational adaptation to institutional change: a comparative study of first-order change in prospector and defender banks. Administrative Science Quarterly 43, 87–126.
Garfinkel H (1987) Studies in Ethnomethodology. Blackwell, Oxford.
Garud R and Karnoe P (2001) Path creation as a process of mindful deviation. In Path Dependency and Creation (GARUD R and KARNOE P, Eds), pp 1–38, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, New York.
Gersick C (1988) Time and transition in work teams: toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management Journal 31, 1–41.
Gersick C (1991) Revolutionary change theories: a multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm. Academy of Management Review 16 (1), 10–36.
Giddens A (1984) The Constitution of Society. Polity Press, Berkeley, CA.
Ginzberg M (1981) Early diagnosis of MIS implementation failure: promising results and unanswered questions. Management Science 27 (4), 459–478.
Greenwood R and Hinings C (1996) Understanding radical organizational change: bringing together old and new institutionalism. Academy of Management Review 16 (1), 1051–1081.
Grover V, Lederer AL and Sabherwal R (1988) Recognizing the politics of MIS. Information & Management 14, 145–156.
Halinen A, Salmi A and Havila V (1999) From dyadic change to changing business networks: an analytical framework. Journal of Management Studies 36 (6), 779–794.
Hegel J (1969) Hegel's Science of Logic (MILLER, AV, trans.), Allen and Unwin, London.
Henderson J and Lee S (1992) Managing I/S design teams: a control theories perspective. Management Science 38 (6), 757–777.
Hirschheim R, Klein H and Lyytinen K (1995) Information Systems Development and Data Modeling, Conceptual and Philosophical Foundations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hirschheim R and Newman M (1991) Symbolism and information systems development: myth, metaphor, magic. Information Systems Research 2 (1), 29–62.
Howcroft D, Mitev N and Wilson M (2004) What we may learn from social shaping of technology approach. In Social Theory and Philosophy for Information Systems (MINGERS J and WILLCOCKS L, Eds), John Wiley & Sons, London.
Jacucci E, Hanseth O and Lyytinen K (2006) Introduction: taking complexity seriously in IS research. Information Technology & People 19 (1), 5–11.
Keen PGW (1981) Information systems and organizational change. Communications of the ACM 24 (1), 24–33.
Keen PGW and Scott-Morton M (1978) Decision Support Systems: An Organizational Perspective. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Keil M (1995) Pulling the plug: software project management and the problem of project escalation. Management Information Systems Quarterly 19 (4), 421–448.
Klein HK and Myers MD (1999) A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems. Management Information Systems Quarterly 23 (1), 67–94.
Kwon TH and Zmud R (1987) Unifying the fragmented models of information systems implementation. In Critical Issues in Information Systems Research (BOLAND R and HIRSCHHEIM, R, Eds), pp 227–251, Wiley, Chichester.
Langley A (1999) Strategies for theorizing from process data. Academy of Management Review 24 (4), 691–710.
Lassila KS and Brancheau JC (1999) Adoption and utilization of commercial software packages: exploring utilization equilibria. Journal of Management Information Systems 16 (2), 63–90.
Latour B (1987) Science in Action. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Lawrence P and Lorsch J (1967) Organization and Environment. Harvard University press, Boston, MA.
Leavitt HJ (1964) Applied organization change in industry: structural, technical, and human approaches. In New Perspectives in Organizational Research (COOPER S, LEAVITT H and SHELLY K, Eds), pp. 55–71, Wiley, Chichester.
Lucas H (1982) Alternative structures for the management of information processing. In On the Economics of Information Processing (GOLDBERG R and LORIN H, Eds), Vol. 2. Wiley, New York.
Lyytinen K (1987a) Different perspectives on information systems: problems and solutions. Association of Computing Machinery Computing Surveys 19 (1), 5–44.
Lyytinen K (1987b) A taxonomic perspective of information systems development: theoretical constructs and recommendations. In Critical Issues in Information Systems (BOLAND R and HIRSCHHEIM R, Eds), pp 3–43, John-Wiley, Chichester.
Lyytinen K (2004) Designing of what? What is the design stuff made of? In Managing as Designing (BOLAND R and COLLOPY F, Eds), pp 221–227, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto.
Lyytinen K and Hirschheim R (1987) Information Systems Failures – A Survey and Classification of the Empirical Literature Oxford Surveys in Information Technology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 4, pp 257–309.
Lyytinen K, Mathiassen L and Ropponen J (1996) A framework for software risk management. Journal of Information Technology 11 (4), 275–287.
Lyytinen K, Mathiassen L and Ropponen J (1998) Attention shaping and software risk – a categorical analysis of four classical approaches. Information Systems Research 9 (3), 233–255.
Lyytinen K and Newman M (2008a) Picking up the pieces after a successful implementation: networks, coalitions and ERP systems. Work in progress.
Lyytinen K and Newman M (2008b) ERP implementation and institutionalization using a punctuated socio-technical change model: the Saudi steel case. Work in progress.
Lyytinen K and Robey D (1999) Learning failure in information system development. Information Systems Journal 9 (2), 85–101.
Madsen S, Kautz K and Vigden R (2006) A framework for understanding how a unique and local IS development method emerges in practice. European Journal of Information Systems 15 (2), 225–238.
Majchrzak A, Rice R, Malhotra A, King N and Ba S (2000) Technological adaptation: the case of computer supported interorganizational virtual team. Management Information Systems Quarterly 24 (4), 569–600.
March JG and Olsen JP (1976) Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations. Universitetsforlaget, Bergen.
Markus L and Robey D (1983) The organizational validity of management information systems. Human Relations 36 (3), 203–226.
Markus M and Keil M (1994) If we build it, they will come: designing information systems that users want to use. Sloan Management Review 35 (4), 11–25.
Markus ML (1983) Power, politics and MIS implementation. Communications of the Association of Computer Machinery 26, 430–444.
Merton R (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure, 3rd edn, Free Press, New York.
Mingers J (2004a) Realizing information systems: critical realism as an underpinning philosophy for information systems. Information and Organization 14 (2), 87–103.
Mingers J (2004b) Re-establishing the real: critical realism and information systems. In Social Theory and Philosophy of Information Systems (MINGERS J and WILCOCKS L, Eds), pp 372–406, John-Wiley Sons, Chichester.
Mohr LB (1982) Explaining Organizational Behavior. Jossey-Bass, San Fransico.
Mumford E (1983) Designing Human Systems for New Technology, The ETHICS Method. Manchester Business School, Manchester.
Mumford E (2003) Redesigning Human Systems. Idea Publishing, New York.
Newman M and Robey D (1992) A social process model of user–analyst relationships. Management Information Systems Quarterly 16 (2), 249–266.
Newman M and Sabherwal R (1996) Determinants of commitment to information system development: a longitudinal investigation. Management Information Systems Quarterly 19 (1), 23–54.
Nidumolu S (1994) The effect of coordination and uncertainty on software project performance: residual performance risk as an intervening variable. Information Systems Research 36 (3), 191–219.
Orlikowski W (1992) The duality of technology: rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organization Science 3 (3), 398–427.
Orlikowski W (1993) CASE tools as organizational change – investigating incremental and radical changes in systems development. Management Information Systems Quarterly 17 (3), 309–340.
Orlikowski W (1996) Improvising organizational transformation over time: a situated change perspective. Information Systems Research 7 (1), 63–92.
Orlikowski W and Hofman D (1997) An improvisational model for change management: the case of groupware technologies. Sloan Management Review 38 (1), 11–21.
Orlikowski W and Robey D (1991) Information technology and the structuring of organizations. Information Systems Research 2 (2), 121–143.
Ouchi WG (1979) A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms. Management Science 25 (9), 833–848.
Parnas DL and Clements P (1986) A rational design process: how and why to fake it. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 12 (2), 251–257.
Pentland B (1999) Building process theory with narrative: from description to explanation. Academy of Management Review 24 (4), 711–724.
Perrow C (1979) Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay, 2nd edn, Glenview, IL.
Pettigrew A (1985) The Awakening Giant: Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
Pettigrew A (1990) Longitudinal field research on change: theory and practice. Organization Science 1 (3), 267–292.
Pinder CC and Moore L (1979) The resurrection of taxonomy to aid the development of middle range theories of organizational behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly 24 (1), 99–118.
Plowman D, Baker L, Beck T, Kulkarni M, Solansky S and Travis D (2007) Radical change accidentally: the emergence and amplification of small change. Academic of Management Journal 50 (3), 515–543.
Robey D and Newman M (1996) Sequential patterns in information systems development: an application of a social process model. Association of Computer Machinery Transactions of Information Systems 14, 30–63.
Romanelli E and Tushman ML (1994) Organizational transformation as punctuated equilibrium: an empirical test. Academy of Management Journal 20, 1141–1162.
Sabherwal R and Elam J (1996) Overcoming problems in information systems development by building and sustaining commitment. Accounting, Management, and Information Technologies 5 (3/4), 283–309.
Sabherwal R, Hirschheim R and Goles T (2001) The dynamics of alignment: insights from a punctuated equilibrium model. Organization Science 12 (2), 179–197.
Sabherwal R and Robey D (1995) Reconciling variance and process strategies for studying information systems development. Information Systems Research 6 (4), 303–323.
Schein EH (1961) Management development as process of influence. Sloan Management Review 2 (2), 41–60.
Scott-Morton MS (Ed.) (1991) The Corporation of the 1990s: Information Technology and Organizational Transformation. Oxford University Press, New York.
Strauss A and Corbin S (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
Swanson BE (1994) Information systems innovation among organizations. Management Science 40 (9), 1069–1092.
Taleb NN (2007) The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, 1st edn, Random House, New York.
Truex D, Baskerville R and Travis J (2000) Amethodical system development – the deferred meaning of system development methods. Accounting, Management and Information Technologies 10, 53–79.
Tushman ML and Romanelli E (1985) Organization evolution: a metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. Research in Organizational Behavior (Staw B and Cummings L, Eds), 7, 171–225, Greenwich CT, JAI Press.
Tyre M and Orlikowski W (1994) Windows of opportunity: temporal patterns of technological adaptation in organizations. Organization Science 5 (1), 98–118.
Van de Ven A and Huber G (1990) Longitudinal field research methods for studying processes of organizational change. Organization Science 1 (2), 213–219.
Van de Ven A, Polley D, Garud R and Venkataraman S (1999) The Innovation Journey. Oxford University Press, London.
Walsham G and Sahay S (1999) GIS for district-level administration in India: problems and opportunities. Management Information Systems Quarterly 23 (1), 39–66.
Weick KE (1989) Theory construction as disciplined imagination. Academy of Management Review 14 (4), 516–531.
Weick KE (1995a) Sensemaking in Organizations. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
Weick KE (1995b) What theory is not, theorizing is. Administrative Science Quarterly 40 (3), 385–390.
Weick KE (1998) Improvisation as a mindset for organizational analysis. Organization Science 9 (5), 543–555.
Willcocks L and Margetts H (1994) Risk and information systems: developing the analysis. In Information Management: The Evaluation of Information Systems Investments (WILLCOCKS L, Ed.), pp 208–230, Chapman-Hall, London.
Yetton P (1997) False prophecies, successful practice and future directions in IT management. In Steps to the Future: Fresh Thinking on the Management of IT Based Organizational Transformation (SAUER C and YETTON P, Eds), pp 27–54, Jossey-Bass, San Fransisco.
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to Steve Alter, Dick Boland, Brian Pentland, and Rajiv Sabherwal and the participants of seminars at KISS’04 and the Weatherhead School for insightful comments. We are also thankful to Richard Baskerville and two anonymous reviewers for excellent comments. Normal caveats apply.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
See Table A1.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lyytinen, K., Newman, M. Explaining information systems change: a punctuated socio-technical change model. Eur J Inf Syst 17, 589–613 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2008.50
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2008.50