Abstract
The phenomenon of inter-organizational information systems (IOIS) evolution has not yet been adequately researched and understood. We present and analyse empirical data from a case in which electronic ordering in the Australian pharmaceutical industry evolved over a 30-year period from closed to quasi-open systems. We analyse this revelatory case using a practice-theoretical framework to make visible the phenomenon of IOIS evolution. An essential characteristic of this framework is the distinction between and symmetrical treatment of material, normative and ideational structures within the practices that constitute the IOIS. Against the findings of this case study, we then evaluate two promising models of long-term IS change, namely Porra's (1999) Colonial Systems model and Lyytinen and Newman's (2008) Punctuated Socio-technical IS Change model. These models are selected as highly elaborated IS exemplars of two classes of theories of organizational change, namely evolutionary and dialectical theories. We find that these two models can only partially explain our findings. Finally, we make suggestions for developing more comprehensive theoretical models within these two classes of IS change theories. In practical terms, our paper shows that the transformation from closed to open IOIS may require adoption of longer time frames than are usually assumed and closer attention to norms and rationales usually neglected in IS projects.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their engaged, thoughtful, and careful support through five revisions. The first and the last author would like to acknowledge support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant number 1328/2-2).
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Appendix
Appendix
Comparison of colonies and communities of practice (CoP)
The concept of CoP was developed to describe social learning as a process through which novices become competent members in groups that have formed around a common interest, craft, or profession (Lave & Wenger, 1991). Later, Wenger (2002, pp. 72–73) characterized a CoP by three aspects: through mutual engagement members form collaborative relationships; members continually negotiate the ‘point’ of the practice, its meaning, which is called the joint enterprise; finally, over time members reproduce a set of shared norms, ideas, and other resources, which provide the means on which members draw in their day-to-day activities, called the shared repertoire. These three characteristics can be directly related to Porra's (1999, 2010) definition of CS, as illustrated in Figure A1.
Porra (1999) has characterized the CS model along 10 categories by contrasting it with the mechanistic and organic metaphors that she claims dominate the organizational and IS literature. We draw on this list of categories to highlight similarities and differences between the CS and the CoP models on the level of deeper theoretical assumptions (see Table A1).
Both models emphasize the importance of shared history (phylogeny) while only the CS model considers its evolution. Furthermore, both models are similar with regard to the categories of ontogeny, change, structure, goals, power, and control. However, with regard to change and control the CoP model is not explicit and our characterization here is inferred. The main difference concerns the emphasis that the CS model puts on change over long time periods. This difference shows up under phylogeny, as mentioned, but also in the other three categories just listed. Regarding boundaries, in the CS model a colony is bounded in a current context as well as throughout its historical evolution so that the definition of boundary is also time-based. Moreover, the interest of the CS model in evolution also shows up in its concept of complexity: colonies have means of regulating their complexity (in contrast to mechanistic and organic systems), including the possibility to bifurcate. The CoP model does not consider this issue. Finally, the CS model is naturally interested in the issue of growth, which, again, comes about through bifurcations of existing colonies, while the CoP model does not address this issue.
Thus, the CS model and the CoP model share largely similar theoretical assumptions and there are no contradictory assumptions. Therefore, it is possible to apply Porra's analysis to a model of IOIS as constellations of practices.
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Reimers, K., Johnston, R. & Klein, S. An empirical evaluation of existing IS change theories for the case of IOIS evolution. Eur J Inf Syst 23, 373–399 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2013.7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2013.7