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Time and information technology in teams: a review of empirical research and future research directions

  • Review Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Information Systems

Abstract

Information technology (IT) is intricately bound up with time in teams. Yet a comprehensive review of what is known about time in IT-mediated teams is lacking. This paper addresses this gap. We classify time into three categories: conceptions of time, mapping activities to time, and actors relating to time. Drawing upon this framework, we review empirical information systems (IS) research on IT-mediated teams over the past three decades. Our review reveals that the research has approached time predominantly using the clock view and has examined exclusively how to map a single activity to the continuum of time. As a result, most studies operate within a simplified temporal context by conceiving time as an objective attribute that ticks away. Meanwhile, a void exists in research that recognizes time as interpretive and experienced. Our analyses also indicate that past research has been primarily interested in the differences between face-to-face and IT-mediated teams and the communication function of IT. Overall, IT remains roughly conceptualized, and research has produced fragmented insights that have small cumulative effects. To advance more substantive theory building, we propose several research directions that invite richer theorizing about how IT is related to time in teams.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Business and Information Systems, Dakota State University, Madison, U.S.A.

    Zixing Shen

  2. Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, U.S.A.

    Kalle Lyytinen

  3. Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, U.S.A.

    Youngjin Yoo

Authors
  1. Zixing Shen
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  2. Kalle Lyytinen
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  3. Youngjin Yoo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zixing Shen.

Appendix

Appendix

Coding of 64 papers included in the review

  1. 1)

    The 64 papers that deal explicitly with time were coded on ‘IT artifact’, ‘Research method’, and ‘Time-related content’.

  2. 2)

    There are 38 papers in the ‘Conceptions of Time’ category, and all of them belong to the ‘Types of Time’ subcategory.

  3. 3)

    There are 26 papers in the ‘Mapping Activities to Time’ category. Among them, 19 fall into the ‘Mapping a Single Activity’ subcategory, 3 into the ‘Mapping a Single Repeated Activity’ subcategory, and 4 into the ‘Mapping a Single Activity Transformation’ subcategory.

  4. 4)

    Papers are first grouped by time category and subcategory and then listed in alphabetical order by author’s last name within each subcategory.

Category: Conceptions of time

Subcategory: Types of time

Table A1

Table A1 Coding for papers that belong to the Types of Time subcategory in the Conceptions of Time category
Full size table

Category: Mapping activities to time

Subcategory: Mapping a single activity

Table A2

Table A2 Coding for papers that belong to the Mapping a Single Activity subcategory in the Mapping Activities to Time category
Full size table

Category: Mapping activities to time

Subcategory: Mapping a single repeated activity

Table A3

Table A3 Coding for papers that belong to the Mapping a Single Repeated Activity subcategory in the Mapping Activities to Time category
Full size table

Category: Mapping activities to time

Subcategory: Mapping a single activity transformation

Table A4

Table A4 Coding for papers that belong to the Mapping a Single Activity Transformation subcategory in the Mapping Activities to Time category
Full size table

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Shen, Z., Lyytinen, K. & Yoo, Y. Time and information technology in teams: a review of empirical research and future research directions. Eur J Inf Syst 24, 492–518 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2014.8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2014.8

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