Skip to main content
Log in

How to Reduce Disorder in European Identity Research

  • Research
  • Published:
European Political Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The article aims at opening a debate by offering some ideas about how we can avoid analytical confusion in future inquiry on European collective identity. I discuss two important theoretical deficiencies that impede advancement in the research on this topic. These shortcomings are: (1) the two-level problem in analysing collective identities; and (2) the issue of equating ‘belonging to’ with ‘belonging together’. In doing so, I will also make some proposals on how we can deal with these problems. Finally, I present a few considerations on further research questions and point to several empirical desiderata.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. In addition, some scholars consider identity as a resource that persons or a group of people use, as something individuals or a collective do (see for example Triandafyllidou and Wodak, 2003: 215). This idea of identity can be found in (socio)-linguistic approaches to identity research, which are linked to an ethnomethodological/conversation-analytic perspective (Triandafyllidou and Wodak, 2003: 215). I believe this is an important and promising approach for studying given identities. As for European identity, however, the existence of a supranational collective identity is still a matter of dispute.

References

  • Abdelal, R., Herrera, Y.M., Johnston, A.I. and McDermott, R. (2009a) ‘Introduction’, in R. Abdelal, Y.M. Herrera, A.I. Johnston and R. McDermott (eds.) Measuring Identity. A Guide for Social Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–13.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Abdelal, R., Herrera, Y.M., Johnston, A.I. and McDermott, R. (2009b) ‘Identity as a Variable’, in R. Abdelal, Y.M. Herrera, A.I. Johnston and R. McDermott (eds.) Measuring Identity. A Guide for Social Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–32.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London & New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boehnke, K. and Rippl, S. (2007) ‘EU-enlargement-related Worries as a Mobilizing Agent for Nationalism? Results of Representative Survey Studies in Germany, the Czech Republic, and Poland’, in I.P. Karolewski and A.M. Suszycki (eds.) Nationalism and European Integration. The Need for New Theoretical and Empirical Insights, New York & London: Continuum, pp. 35–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. and Cooper, F. (2000) ‘Beyond “identity”’, Theory and Society 29 (1): 1–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruter, M. (2005) Citizens of Europe? The Emergence of a Mass European Identity, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Castano, E. (2004) ‘European Identity: A Social-psychological Perspective’, in R.K. Herrmann, T. Risse and M.B. Brewer (eds.) Transnational Identities. Becoming European in the EU, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 40–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cederman, L.-E. (2001) ‘Nationalism and bounded integration: What it would take to construct a European demos’, European Journal of International Relations 7 (2): 139–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerutti, F. (2008) ‘Why Political Identity and Legitimacy Matter in the European Union’, in F. Cerutti and S. Lucarelli (eds.) The Search for a European Identity. Values, policies and legitimacy of the European Union, London: Routledge, pp. 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerutti, F. and Lucarelli, S. (eds.) (2008) The Search for a European Identity. Values, Policies and Legitimacy of the European Union, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Citrin, J. and Sides, J. (2004) ‘More than Nationals: How Identity Choice Matters in the New Europe’, in R.K. Herrmann, T. Risse and M.B. Brewer (eds.) Transnational Identities. Becoming European in the EU, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 161–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croucher, S.L. (2004) Globalization and Belonging. The Politics of Identity in a Changing World, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delanty, G. (1999) ‘Die Transformation nationaler Identität und die kulturelle Ambivalenz europäischer Identität. Demokratische Identifikation in einem postnationalen Europa’, in R. Viehoff and R.T. Segers (eds.) Kultur. Identität. Europa. Über die Schwierigkeiten und Möglichkeiten einer Konstruktion, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, pp. 267–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delanty, G. (2000) Citizenship in a Global Age: Society, Culture, Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díez Medrano, J. (2003) Framing Europe. Attitudes to European Integration in Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom, Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díez Medrano, J. and Gutiérrez, P. (2001) ‘Nested identities: National and European identity in Spain’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (5): 753–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne, S. (2008) ‘Waiting for a European identity… reflections on the process of identification with Europe’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society 9 (4): 397–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne, S. and Frognier, A.-P. (2008) ‘National and European identifications: A dual relationship’, Comparative European Politics 6 (2): 143–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eder, K. (2009) ‘A theory of collective identity. Making sense of the debate on a “European identity”’, European Journal of Social Theory 12 (4): 427–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstadt, S.N. (1999) ‘Kollektive Identitätskonstruktion in Europa’, den Vereinigten Staaten, Lateinamerika und Japan. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung’, in R. Viehoff and R.T. Segers (eds.) Kultur. Identität. Europa. Über die Schwierigkeiten und Möglichkeiten einer Konstruktion, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, pp. 370–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstadt, S.N. and Giesen, B. (1995) ‘The construction of collective identity’, European Journal of Sociology 26 (1): 72–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esser, H. (2001) Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 6: Sinn und Kultur, Frankfurt & New York: Campus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estel, B. (1997) ‘Moderne Nationsverständnisse: Nation als Gemeinschaft’, in R. Hettlage, P. Deger and S. Wagner (eds.) Kollektive Identität in Krisen. Ethnizität in Religion, Nation, Europa, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 73–85.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D. (2011) ‘Cultural Diversity, European Identity and Legitimacy of the EU: A Theoretical Framework’, in D. Fuchs and H.-D. Klingemann (eds.) Cultural Diversity, European Identity and the Legitimacy of the EU, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 27–57.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fuss, D. and Grosser, M.A. (2006) ‘What Makes Young Europeans Feel European? Results from a Cross-cultural Research Project’, in I.P. Karolewski and V. Kaina (eds.) European Identity. Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Insights, Münster: LIT Verlag, pp. 209–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellner, E. (1983) Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giesen, B. (1993) Die Intellektuellen und die Nation, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfeld, L. (1999) ‘Is Nation Unavoidable? Is Nation Unavoidable Today?’, in H. Kriesi, K. Armingeon, H. Siegrist and A. Wimmer (eds.) Nation and National Identity. The European Experience in Perspective, Zürich: Rüegger, pp. 37–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, R. and Brewer, M.B. (2004) ‘Identities and Institutions: Becoming European in the EU’, in R.K. Herrmann, T. Risse and M.B. Brewer (eds.) Transnational Identities. Becoming European in the EU, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hettlage, R. (1999) ‘European Identity – Between Inclusion and Exclusion’, in H. Kriesi, K. Armingeon, H. Siegrist and A. Wimmer (eds.) Nation and National Identity. The European Experience in Perspective, Zürich: Rüegger, pp. 243–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, S.P. (2004) Who are We? Die Krise der amerikanischen Identität, Hamburg & Wien: Europaverlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaina, V. (2009) Wir in Europa. Kollektive Identität und Demokratie in der Europäischen Union, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaina, V. (2010) ‘“We” and “the others” – European identity building as a construction of commonality and difference’, Zeitschrift für Politik 57 (4): 413–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaina, V. and Karolewski, I.P. (eds.) (2006) ‘European Identity – Why Another Book on this Topic?’, in European Identity. Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Insights, Münster: LIT Verlag, pp. 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaina, V. and Karolewski, I.P. (2009) ‘EU governance and European identity’, Living Reviews in European Governance 4 (2), [Online Article], http://europeangovernance.livingreviews.org/Articles/lreg-2009-2/.

  • Kantner, C. (2006) ‘Collective identity as shared ethical self-understanding. The case of the emerging European identity’, European Journal of Social Theory 9 (4): 501–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kielmansegg, P.G. (1996) ‘Integration und Demokratie’, in M. Jachtenfuchs and B. Kohler-Koch (eds.) Europäische Integration, Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 47–71.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kocka, J. (1995) ‘Die Ambivalenz des Nationalstaats’, in M. Delgado and M. Lutz-Bachmann (eds.) Herausforderung Europa. Wege zu einer europäischen Identität, München: Beck, pp. 28–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leiße, O. (2009) Europa zwischen Nationalstaat und Integration, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucarelli, S. (2008) ‘European Political Identity, Foreign Policy and the Others’ Image’, in F. Cerutti and S. Lucarelli (eds.) The Search for a European Identity. Values, Policies and Legitimacy of the European Union, London: Routledge, pp. 23–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnette, P. (2007) ‘How can one be European? Reflections on the pillars of European civic identity’, European Law Journal 13 (5): 664–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, F.C. and Palmowski, J. (2004) ‘European identities and the EU – The ties that bind the peoples of Europe’, Journal of Common Market Studies 42 (3): 573–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren, L.M. (2006) Identity, Interests and Attitudes to European Integration, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D.W. and Chavis, D.M. (1986) ‘Sense of community: A definition and theory’, Journal of Community Psychology 14 (1): 6–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, T. (2004) Die Identität Europas. Der EU eine Seele?, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, I.B. (2001) ‘European Identity, EU Expansion, and the Integration/Exclusion Nexus’, in L.-E. Cederman (ed.) Constructing Europe's Identity. The External Dimension, Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 141–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nørgaard, A.S. (2008) ‘Political science: Witchcraft or craftsmanship? Standards for good research’, World Political Science Review 4 (1):1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rippl, S., Baier, D., Kindervater, A. and Boehnke, K. (2005) ‘Die EU-Osterweiterung als Mobilisierungsschub für ethnozentrische Einstellungen? Die Rolle von Bedrohungsgefühlen im Kontext situativer und dispositioneller Faktoren’, Zeitschrift für Soziologie 34 (4): 288–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risse, T. (2010) A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelili, B. (2004) ‘Constructing identity and relating to difference: Understanding the EU's mode of differentiation’, Review of International Studies 30 (1): 27–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, P. (2000) ‘“Europeanness” – “A New Cultural Battlefield?”’, in J. Hutchinson and A.D. Smith (eds.) Nationalism. Critical Concepts in Political Science, London: Routledge, pp. 1866–1882.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A.D. (1992) ‘National identity and the idea of European unity’, International Affairs 68 (1): 55–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1974) ‘Social identity and intergroup behavior’, Social Science Information 13 (2): 65–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1982) Gruppenkonflikt und Vorurteil. Entstehung und Funktion sozialer Stereotypen, Bern: Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C. (2003) ‘Political identities in changing polities’, Social Research 70 (2): 605–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandafyllidou, A. and Wodak, R. (2003) ‘Conceptual and methodological questions in the study of collective identities. An introduction’, Journal of Language & Politics 2 (2): 205–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, A. (1994) ‘Collective identity formation and the international state’, American Political Science Review 88 (2): 384–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westle, B. (2003a) ‘Europäische Identifikation im Spannungsfeld regionaler und nationaler Identitäten’, Theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Befunde. Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44 (4): 453–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westle, B. (2003b) ‘Universalismus oder Abgrenzung als Komponente der Identifikation mit der Europäischen Union?’, in F. Brettschneider, J. van Deth and E. Roller (eds.) Europäische Integration in der öffentlichen Meinung, Opladen: Leske & Budrich, pp. 115–152.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The article is based on studies I have done as a visiting fellow at the Mannheim Centre for European Social Research. This research was funded by a Heisenberg-scholarship of the German Research Foundation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kaina, V. How to Reduce Disorder in European Identity Research. Eur Polit Sci 12, 184–196 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2012.39

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2012.39

Keywords

Navigation