Skip to main content
Log in

Knowledge without power: International relations scholars and the US war in Iraq

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Politics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this article we present several important first steps toward understanding the role of academics in shaping US foreign policy – identifying their policy views on one of the most salient foreign policy issues of this generation, the US War in Iraq; exploring how those views differ from public opinion more generally; and assessing the extent to which scholarly opinion was reflected in the public debate. To determine how IR scholars’ views on the invasion of Iraq differed from those of the public, we compare the answers of IR scholars at US colleges and universities to those of the US public on similar opinion survey questions. To this end, we analyze data from a unique series of surveys of IR scholars conducted by the Teaching, Research, and International Policy project.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abelson, D.E. (1996) American Think Tanks and Their Role in U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Abelson, D.E. (2002) Do Think Tanks Matter: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abelson, D.E. (2006) A Capitol Idea: Think Tanks and U.S. Foreign Policy. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, E. (1992) Emergence of cooperation: National epistemic communities and the international evolution of the idea of nuclear arms control. International Organization 46 (1): 101–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, E. and Haas, P.M. (1992) Conclusion: Epistemic communities, world order, and the creation of a reflective research program. International Organization 46 (1): 367–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almond, G.A. (1950) The American People and Foreign Policy. New York: Harcourt Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avey, P. and Desch, M.C. (2014) What do policymakers want from us? Results from a survey of current and former national security decision-makers. International Studies Quarterly 58 (4): forthcoming.

  • Baum, M.A. and Potter, P.B.K. (2008) The relationships between mass media, public opinion, and foreign policy: Toward a theoretical synthesis. Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 39–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berinsky, A.J. and Druckman, J.N. (2007) Public opinion research and support for the Iraq war. Public Opinion Quarterly 71 (1): 126–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, P. and Desch, M.C. (2013) Rank irrelevance: How academia lost its way. Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139925/peter-campbell-and-michael-c-desch/rank-irrelevance.

  • Demeritt, D. (2001) The construction of global warming and the politics of science. Annuals of the Association of American Geographers 91 (2): 307–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, W.J. and Nicolaidis, K. (1992) Ideas, interests, and institutionalization: ‘Trade in services’ and the Uruguay round. International Organization 46 (1): 37–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drezner, D. (2013) On the foreign policy community and the IR academy in 2002. Foreign Policy Blog 21 February, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/02/20/on_the_foreign_policy_community_and_the_international_relations_academy_in_2002.

  • Feaver, P.D. and Gelpi, C. (2004) Choosing Your Battles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallucci, R. (2012) How scholars can improve international relations. Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 November, http://chronicle.com/article/How-Scholars-Can-Improve/135898/.

  • Gelpi, C., Feaver, P.D. and Reifler, J. (2005) Casualty sensitivity and the war in Iraq. International Security 30 (3): 7–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, P.M. (1989) Do regimes matter? Epistemic communities and Mediterranean pollution. International Organization 43 (3): 377–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, P.M. (1990) Obtaining international environmental protection through epistemic consensus. Millennium Journal of International Studies 19 (3): 347–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, P.M. (1992) Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization 46 (1): 1–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holsti, O.R. and Rosenau, J.N. (1977) The meaning of Vietnam: Belief systems of American leaders. International Journal 32 (3): 452–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R. (2007) Towards an understanding of contemporary intrastate war. Government and Opposition 42 (1): 121–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, P. and Kaufmann, S. (2007) Security scholars for a sensible foreign policy: A study in Weberian activism. Perspectives on Politics 5 (1): 95–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, L.R. and Page, B.I. (2005) Who influences U.S. foreign policy? American Political Science Association 99 (1): 107–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, G.C. (2007) A Divider, Not a Uniter. New York: Pearson Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jentleson, B. (2002) The need for praxis: Bringing policy relevance back in. International Security 26 (4): 169–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, R., Maliniak, D., Oakes, A., Peterson, S. and Tierney, M.J. (2009) One Discipline or Many?: TRIP Survey of International Relations Faculty in Ten Countries. Williamsburg, VA: Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kam, C. and Kinder, D. (2007) Terror and ethnocentrism: Foundation of American support for the war on terrorism. Journal of Politics 69 (2): 320–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kristof, N. (2014) Professors, we need you! New York Times 15 February, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/kristof-professors-we-need-you.html?_r=0.

  • Maliniak, D., Oakes, A., Peterson, S. and Tierney, M.J. (2007a) The View from the Ivory Tower: TRIP Survey of IR Faculty in the U.S. and Canada. Williamsburg, VA: Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations, College of William and Mary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maliniak, D., Oakes, A., Peterson, S. and Tierney, M.J. (2007b) Inside the ivory tower. Foreign Policy March/April.

  • Maliniak, D., Oakes, A., Peterson, S. and Tierney, M.J. (2011) International relations in the U.S. academy. International Studies Quarterly 55: 437–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maliniak, D., Peterson, S. and Tierney, M.J. (2012a) TRIP Around the World: Teaching, Research, and Policy Views of IR Faculty in 20 Countries. Williamsburg, VA: Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations, College of William and Mary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maliniak, D., Powers, R. and Tierney, M. (2012b) Are there neoconservative wolves in the realist flock? Foreign Policy.com blog post, 25 January, http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/01/25/realism_episode_iii_return_of_the_realist_critics.

  • Mearsheimer, J.J. and Walt, S.M. (2003) An unnecessary war. Foreign Policy 134: 51–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, J.E. (1973) War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, J.E. (1994) Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newsom, D.D. (1995–6) Foreign policy and academia. Foreign Policy 101 (Winter): 52–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nye, J. (2009) Scholars on the sidelines. Washington Post 13 April, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/12/AR2009041202260.html.

  • Oldendick, R.W. and Bardes, B.A. (1982) Mass and elite foreign policy opinions. Public Opinion Quarterly 46 (3): 368–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, S., Tierney, M.J. and Maliniak, D. (2005a) Teaching and Research Practices, Views on the Discipline, and Policy Attitudes of International Relations Faculty at U.S. Colleges and Universities. Williamsburg, VA: Reves Center for International Studies, College of William and Mary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, S., Tierney, M.J. and Maliniak, D. (2005b) Inside the ivory tower. Foreign Policy 151 (November/December): 58–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathbun, B. (2012) Politics and paradigm preferences: The implicit ideology of international relations scholars. International Studies Quarterly 56 (3): 607–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosati, J.E. and Creed, J. (1997) Extending the three- and four-headed eagles: The foreign policy orientations of American elites during the 80s and 90s. Political Psychology 18 (3): 583–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenau, J. (1961) Public Opinion and Foreign Policy. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt, S. (2005) The relationship between theory and practice in international relations. Annual Review of Political Science 8 (1): 23–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walt, S.M. (2009) The cult of irrelevance. Post on Foreign Policy blog 15 April, ‘Stephen M. Walt, A realist in an ideological age’.

  • Wiarda, H.J. (2010) Think Tanks and Foreign Policy: The Foreign Policy Research Institute and Presidential Politics. New York: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittkopf, E. (1990) Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, B. (2004) Plan of Attack: The Definitive Account of the Decision to Invade Iraq. London: Simon and Schuster UK.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James D Long.

Appendix

Appendix

Table A1

Table A1 Ordered logit results predicting support for Iraq war and belief that war enhanced US security among IR scholars (TRIP survey)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Long, J., Maliniak, D., Peterson, S. et al. Knowledge without power: International relations scholars and the US war in Iraq. Int Polit 52, 20–44 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.38

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.38

Keywords

Navigation