1. ¹Palo Alto Research Center, User Interface Research, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A.
2. ²Work done while at PARC, current address: Adobe Systems, 321 Park Ave., San Jose, CA 95110, U.S.A.
3. ³Work done while at PARC, Current address: Department of Psychology, Jordan Hall, Bldg. 420, Room 316, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, U.S.A.

Correspondence: Ed H Chi, Palo Alto Research Center, User Interface Research, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A. Tel: +1 650 812 4312; fax: +1 650 812 4258; E-mails: echi@parc.com, hong@parc.com, julie.heiser@adobe.com, card@parc.com, mgumbrec@psych.stanford.edu

^*This paper (or a similar version) is not currently under review by a journal or conference, nor will it be submitted to such within the next three months. Based on 'ScentIndex: Conceptually Reorganizing Subject Indexes for Reading', by Ed H Chi, Lichan Hong, Julie Heiser, Stuart K Card which appeared in Proc. of the IEEE 2006 Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST2006) Symposium. © 2006 IEEE

Received 23 June 2006; Revised 31 July 2006; Accepted 19 September 2006; Published online 11 January 2007.

Abstract

A great deal of analytical work has been carried out in the context of reading, in digesting the semantics of the material, the identification of important entities, and capturing the relationship between entities. Visual analytic environments, therefore, must encompass reading tools that enable the rapid digestion of large amounts of reading material. Other than plain text search, subject indexes, and basic highlighting, tools are needed for rapid foraging of the text. In this paper, we describe a technique that presents an enhanced subject index for a book by conceptually reorganizing it to suit particular expressed user information needs. Users first enter information needs via keywords, describing the concepts they are trying to retrieve and comprehend. Then our system, called ScentIndex, computes what index entries are conceptually related, and reorganizes and displays these index entries on a single page. We provide a number of navigational cues to help users peruse over this list of index entries and find relevant passages quickly. We report some initial results in a new technique called ScentHighlights that enhances skimming activity by conceptually highlighting sentences. Both use similar techniques by computing what conceptual keywords are related to each other via word co-occurrence and spreading activation. Compared to regular reading of a paper book, our study showed that users are more efficient and more accurate in finding, comparing, and comprehending material in our system.