Abstract
The literature on case studies, both in the field of international business (IB) and in the social sciences more generally, has tended to focus on the methods of data production and analysis suited to this research strategy. In contrast, in this paper we investigate methods of theorising from case studies. We seek to understand how case researchers theorise, and how future IB research might utilise case studies for theorising. By means of a qualitative content analysis of case studies published in Journal of International Business Studies, Academy of Management Journal and Journal of Management Studies, we construct a typology of theorising from case studies. Two dimensions of the case study, namely causal explanation and contextualisation, form the basis for our typology. We distinguish four methods of theorising – inductive theory-building, interpretive sensemaking, natural experiment and contextualised explanation – only the first of which has been widely used in JIBS in the period that we investigate. On the basis of our own qualitative analysis, we show the limitations of inductive theory-building, and argue that greater utilisation of the other methods of theorising would enhance the case study's explanatory power and potential for contextualisation. We argue for a more pluralist future for IB research.
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Notes
Although we recognise that case studies can be mixed and even quantitative (for a discussion in IB see, e.g., Nummela & Hurmerinta-Peltomäki, 2006), in this paper we are concerned with case studies as a qualitative research strategy.
In this paper we follow interpretivists and critical realists in acknowledging that research is an act of interpretation. We use terms such as data “production” and typology “construction”, rather than seeking to conceal the role of the researcher.
We decided to include a journal originating in Europe because it has been suggested that case study traditions are more firmly established there than in the US (Bengtsson, Elg, & Lind, 1997).
An illustrative example is the article by Nutt (2000), who positioned his study as a multiple case investigation (N=376) of strategic decisions. This paper was not included in our analysis, since it treated the cases as observations, rather than investigating the phenomenon in its natural setting.
There are many variants of positivism (Halfpenny, 1982), including logical positivism, logical empiricism and falsificationism. The similarities rather than the differences among these traditions are our focus in this paper. However, it is worth noting that we would characterise Eisenhardt's empiricism as distinct from the assumptions behind the “natural experiment” approach, which rather follows a falsification logic, as advocated by Karl Popper (for a discussion of empiricism vs falsificationism, see Johnson & Duberley, 2000).
In this paper we will use “interpretive” in a broad sense to refer to research traditions that include postmodernism, postcolonialism, critical theory and social constructivism.
We thank an anonymous reviewer for this insight.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Snejina Michailova, Marja-Liisa Kakkuri-Knuuttila, Kalle Pajunen, Kristina Rolin, Ben Tipton, Denice Welch, Lawrence Welch, Ian Wilkinson and Yorgos Zotos for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript; as well as students in our PhD case research classes at Aalto University and University of Sydney. Particular thanks are due to Geoff Easton and Ricardo Morais, who have been responsible for our interest in critical realism. Early versions of the paper benefited from feedback at the 2009 European International Business Academy annual conference, and at Academy of Management symposia in 2009 and 2010. We are extremely grateful for the constructive and thoughtful guidance provided by Mary Yoko Brannen as special issue editor, as well as the anonymous JIBS reviewers.
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Accepted by Mary Yoko Brannen, Guest Editor, 25 August 2010. This paper has been with the authors for two revisions.
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APPENDIX
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Welch, C., Piekkari, R., Plakoyiannaki, E. et al. Theorising from case studies: Towards a pluralist future for international business research. J Int Bus Stud 42, 740–762 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.55
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.55