Abstract
The applicability of governmentality within International Relations (IR) — a discipline whose hard core consists of ‘the international’ or, more recently, ‘the global’ — has come under criticism over the past several years. Additionally, it has been argued that governmental practices and techniques are distributed unevenly within the international arena and that governmentality is ill-suited for the study of those parts of the world where the social base of advanced liberalism is lacking. This article takes issue with those claims. First, it insists on the character of Foucauldian governmentality less as a self-contained theory and more as an analytical perspective focused on empirical enquiry. Second, it argues that governmentality invites us to challenge IR’s insistence on the ontological specificity of the international. Third, the article argues that governmental arrangements are characteristically impure, as the techniques of (neo)liberal governmentality commonly receive support from non-liberal arrangements. These arguments are illustrated with an analysis of a case that engages simultaneously with the global and the illiberal: a set of proposals centring on the vision of the Russian capital Moscow as a ‘global city’.
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Notes
For key texts in the debate over the ‘applicability’ of Foucault’s work in IR see, for example, Global Society (2009), Chandler (2010), International Political Sociology (2010), Joseph (2010a, 2010b), Death (2013) and Vrasti (2013).
In contemporary academic scholarship, there are various ways of understanding neoliberalism. The notion may be used to index a macroeconomic doctrine, a regime of policies and practices associated with that doctrine, or a class project. The term may also figure as a synonym for the contemporary world economy with its inequalities, or designate a broad cultural formation characteristic of a new era of ‘millennial capitalism’ (Ferguson 2010: 170–71). In contrast to many of these approaches, neoliberalism is understood here as a sort of rationality in the Foucauldian sense, ‘linked less to economic dogmas or class projects than to specific mechanisms of government, and recognisable modes of governing subjects’ (Ferguson 2010: 171).
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank three anonymous referees, Nelli Piattoeva, Jemima Repo, Suvi Salmenniemi and Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen for comments on earlier drafts of this article.
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Kangas, A. Governmentality, the global and Russia. J Int Relat Dev 18, 482–504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2014.7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2014.7