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/* This stylesheet for all Palgrave Journals styles */

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/* generic Special Issue styles */
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#content p#suped { font-weight: bold; font-size: 90%; margin-bottom:2em; }
#content p.si {
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/* Pal styles added PAP */

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#head-er .header-nonad-wrapper {padding-bottom:0;}

/* palgrave breadcrumb styles */
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}

#breadcrumb div {
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#foot-er #footer-journal {
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#content .new {font-style:italic;
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/* Palgrave Journals nav styles */

h2.palgrave-journals {
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	background-color:#075A90;
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ul.related-titles a:hover {
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/* end Palgrave Journals nav styles */


ul.society-resources li {
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#home div.main p.follows-h2 {
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#home div.main a span {
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#home div.main a span.free {
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#home div.main div.supplementary {
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h1.page-header {font-size:120%;}
span.page-header-spacer {font-size:120%;}
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/* vertical ad */

div.ad-vert img, div.ad-vert embed {

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}
/* end vertical ad */


/* vertical ad enclosed box style added 27/3/07 R Barrett */
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#archive #content h3.open a:hover {background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/archive_minus_red.gif) left center no-repeat;}

* html #archive #content ul {/*IE only*/padding:10px 0;/*tb/lr*/}
#archive #content ul {
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	font-size:70%;
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	padding:0 !important;
	padding /**/:0 5px 2px 5px;/*PC IE5.x only*/
}
/* end archive styles */


/* topten styles */

#topten #content p.intro {
	font-size:70%;
	padding:10px;
	background:#eaeaea;

margin:0 0 20px 0;
}

#topten #content h2 {
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#topten #content ol {
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#topten #content ol li.g {background:#fafafa;}
#topten #content ol li a {
	font-weight:bold; size:50px; color: #ff1232;
}
/* end topten styles */


/* PD - joint AOP/TOC styles - added 20041118 */
#toc #content h3, #aop #content h3 {text-transform:capitalize;}

/* the following 3 styles remove the <Hx> specificity, so the heading levels */
/* can vary to maintain heading level hierarchy, without affecting display */
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	margin-bottom:0.5em;
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	margin:0 0 0.5em 0;
}

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	margin:0;
}

#aop #content p.aug, #toc #content p.aug , #home #content p.aug {
	font-size:90%;
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}

#toc #content p.bib, #home #content p.bib {
font-size: 70%;
color: #000000;
margin-top: 0pt;
margin-right: 0pt;
margin-bottom: 0pt;
margin-left: 0pt;
}



#toc #content p.tocnote, #aop #content p.tocnote {
	font-size:90%;
	margin:0 0 1em 0;
}
/* end PD - joint AOP/TOC styles*/


/* AOP styles */
#aop #content p.intro {
	font-size:70%;
	padding:10px;
	background:#eaeaea;
	margin:0;
}

#aop #content a.about-aop:link, #aop #content a.about-aop:visited {
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	margin-top:0.5em;
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#aop #content a.about-aop:hover {background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue.gif) 0 0.5em no-repeat;}

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}

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}

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/* PD - added 20041118 */
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	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
	margin-bottom:1em;
	display:block;
}
/* end PD - added 20041118 */
/* end AOP styles */


/* About the journal styles */
#about #content a.jump:link, #about #content a.jump:visited {
	font-size:90%;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue_down.gif) 0 0.5em no-repeat;
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}

#about #content p.norm {font-size:90%;}
/* end about the journal styles */

/* Table of Contents styles */
#toc #content a.prevnext:link, #toc #content a.prevnext:visited {
	font-size:70%;
	margin:0;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue.gif) left center no-repeat;
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#toc #content a.prevnext:hover {background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_red.gif) left center no-repeat;}

#toc #content a.jump:link, #toc #content a.jump:visited {
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#toc #content a.jump:hover {background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue_down.gif) 0 0.5em no-repeat;}

#toc #content h2 {
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#toc #content a.view {
	font-weight:bold;
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	margin-bottom:1em;
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#toc #content h3 {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:100%;
	color:#fff;
	background:#fab934;
	padding:3px 0 3px 10px;
	margin:0;
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#toc #content h4.norm {
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#toc #content h4.area {
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	margin:1em 0 -1em 0;
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#toc #content h5 {
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#toc #content p.describe {
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#toc #content div.container div.last {border-bottom:0;}
#toc #content div.container div.no-border {border-bottom:0;}
#toc #content div.container div a.seealso {margin-top:0.3em;}

/* change issue */
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	display:block;
	margin-bottom:20px;
}

#toc #extranav div.change-issue h2 {
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	background:#fab934;
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	font-size:70%;
	text-align:center;
	color:#fff;
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#toc #extranav div.change-issue ul {
	list-style-type:none;
	text-align:left;
	margin:0;
	padding:0 0 7px 0;/*provides padding at bottom of every ul*/
	background-color:#eaeaea;/*colour for padding at bottom*/
}

#toc #extranav div.change-issue ul li {
	margin:0;
	background-color:#eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #eaeaea;
}

* html #toc #extranav div.change-issue ul a:link, * html #toc #extranav div.change-issue ul a:visited, * html #toc #extranav div.change-issue ul a:hover {/* IE only */
	padding:3px 5px 3px 14px !important;/* Mac IE */
	padding:1px 5px 1px 14px;/* PC IE */
}
#toc #extranav div.change-issue ul a:link, #toc #extranav div.change-issue ul a:visited {
	display:block;
	margin:0;
	font-size:70%;
	color:#000;
	text-decoration:none;
	padding:3px 5px 3px 14px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_black.gif) 5px 8px no-repeat;
}
#toc #extranav div.change-issue ul a:hover {
	color:#000;
	text-decoration:underline;
}

#toc #extranav div.change-issue ul a.prev:link, #toc #extranav div.change-issue ul a.prev:visited {background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_black_left.gif) 5px 8px no-repeat;}
/* end change issue */
/* end Table of Contents styles */


/* articlenav styles */
#articlenav {
	display:block;
	margin-bottom:20px;
}

#articlenav h2 {
	margin:0;
	background:#fab934;
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:70%;
	text-align:center;
	color:#fff;
	padding:3px 0 3px 0;
}


#articlenav div.prevnext {
	margin:0;
	font-size:70%;
	text-align:center;
	background:#eaeaea;
	padding:3px 0 3px 0;
}

#articlenav div.prevnext a.prev {
	padding-left:7px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_black_left.gif) center left no-repeat;
}
#articlenav div.prevnext a.next {
	padding-right:7px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_black.gif) center right no-repeat;
}

#articlenav div.prevnext a:link, #articlenav div.prevnext a:visited {
	text-decoration:none;
	color:#000;
}
#articlenav div.prevnext a:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
	color:#000;
}


#articlenav ul {
	list-style-type:none;
	text-align:left;
	margin:1px 0 0 0;
	padding:0 0 7px 0;/*provides padding at bottom of every ul*/
	background-color:#eaeaea;/*colour for padding at bottom*/
}

#articlenav ul li {
	margin:0;
	background-color:#eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #eaeaea;
}

* html #articlenav ul a:link, * html #articlenav ul a:visited, * html #articlenav ul a:hover {/* IE only */
	padding:3px 5px 3px 14px !important;/* Mac IE */
	padding:1px 5px 1px 14px;/* PC IE */
}
#articlenav ul a:link, #articlenav ul a:visited {
	display:block;
	margin:0;
	font-size:70%;
	color:#000;
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	padding:3px 5px 3px 14px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_black.gif) 5px 8px no-repeat;
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#articlenav ul a:hover {
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#articlenav ul a.page:link, #articlenav ul a.page:visited {background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_black_down.gif) 4px 8px no-repeat;}
#articlenav ul a.page:hover {
	color:#000;
	text-decoration:underline;
}


* html #articlenav a.toc:link, * html #articlenav a.toc:visited, * html #articlenav a.toc:hover {/* IE only */
	padding:3px 5px 3px 5px !important;/* Mac IE */
	padding:1px 5px 1px 5px;/* PC IE */
}
#articlenav li.toc {text-align:center;}
#articlenav a.toc:link, #articlenav a.toc:visited, #articlenav a.toc:hover  {
	padding:3px 5px 3px 5px;
	text-align:center;
	background:#eaeaea;
}

#articlenav li.fulltext {
	border-left:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-right:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #fff;
	background-color:#fff;
}
* html #articlenav ul a.fulltext:link, * html #articlenav ul a.fulltext:visited, * html #articlenav ul a.fulltext:link {/* IE only */
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px !important;/* Mac IE */
	padding:1px 5px 1px 27px;/* PC IE */
}
#articlenav ul a.fulltext, #articlenav ul a.fulltext:visited {
	color:#000;
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/fulltext.gif) 5px 4px no-repeat;
}
#articlenav ul a.fulltext:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
	color:#000;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/fulltext.gif) 5px 4px no-repeat #fff;
}



#articlenav li.download-pdf {
	border-left:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-right:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #fff;
	background-color:#fff;
}
* html #articlenav ul a.download-pdf:link, * html #articlenav ul a.download-pdf:visited, * html #articlenav ul a.download-pdf:hover {/* IE only */
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px !important;/* Mac IE */
	padding:1px 5px 1px 27px;/* PC IE */
}
#articlenav ul a.download-pdf, #articlenav ul a.download-pdf:visited {
	color:#000;
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/icons/fff/pdf.gif) 5px 4px no-repeat;
}
#articlenav ul a.download-pdf:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
	color:#000;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/icons/fff/pdf.gif) 5px 4px no-repeat #fff;
}


/* PD: save link added 05/08/25 */

#articlenav li.sendtofriend, #articlenav li.save {
	border-left:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-right:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #fff;
	background-color:#fff;
}
* html #articlenav ul a.sendtofriend:link, * html #articlenav ul a.sendtofriend:visited, * html #articlenav ul a.sendtofriend:hover, * html #articlenav ul a.save:link, * html #articlenav ul a.save:visited, * html #articlenav ul a.save:hover,  * html #articlenav ul a.cited:link, * html #articlenav ul a.cited:visited, * html #articlenav ul a.cited:hover {/* IE only */
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px !important;/* Mac IE */
	padding:1px 5px 1px 27px;/* PC IE */
}
#articlenav ul a.sendtofriend, #articlenav ul a.sendtofriend:visited {
	color:#000;
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/send_to_a_friend.gif) 5px 6px no-repeat;
}
#articlenav ul a.sendtofriend:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
	color:#000;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/send_to_a_friend.gif) 5px 6px no-repeat #fff;
}

#articlenav ul a.save, #articlenav ul a.save:visited {
	color:#000;
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/icons/fff/connotea.gif) 8px 4px no-repeat;
}
#articlenav ul a.save:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
	color:#000;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/icons/fff/connotea.gif) 8px 4px no-repeat #fff;
}



#articlenav li.purchase {
	border-left:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-right:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #fff;
	background-color:#fff;
}
* html #articlenav ul a.purchase:link, * html #articlenav ul a.purchase:visited, * html #articlenav ul a.purchase:hover {/* IE only */
	padding:3px 5px 3px 25px !important;/* Mac IE */
	padding:1px 5px 1px 25px;/* PC IE */
}
#articlenav ul a.purchase, #articlenav ul a.purchase:visited {
	color:#000;
	padding:3px 5px 3px 25px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/purchase_article.gif) 5px 1px no-repeat;
}
#articlenav ul a.purchase:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
	color:#000;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/purchase_article.gif) 5px 1px no-repeat #fff;
}

#articlenav li.permissions, #articlenav li.permissions {
	border-left:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-right:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #fff;
	background-color:#fff;
}
* html #articlenav ul a.permissions:link, * html #articlenav ul a.permissions:visited, * html #articlenav ul a.permissions:hover {/* IE only */
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px !important;/* Mac IE */
	padding:1px 5px 1px 27px;/* PC IE */
}
#articlenav ul a.permissions, #articlenav ul a.permissions:visited {
	color:#000;
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px;
	background:url(/common/images/icons/fff/permissions.gif) 5px 4px no-repeat;
}
#articlenav ul a.permissions:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
	color:#000;
	background:url(/common/images/icons/fff/permissions.gif) 5px 4px no-repeat;
}


#articlenav li.last {/* provides padding for last item in white box */padding-bottom:5px;}
#articlenav ul.supplementary {/* provides padding at top of every ul with class "supplementary" */padding-top:7px;}


#articlenav ul a.on:link, #articlenav ul a.on:visited {
	color:#fff;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_white.gif) 5px 8px no-repeat #fab934;
}
#articlenav ul a.on:hover {
	color:#fff;
	text-decoration:underline;
}

/* new Crossref and Scopus link styles added 04/08/2008 */
#articlenav li.cited {
	border-left:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-right:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #fff;
	background-color:#fff;
}
#articlenav ul a.cited, #articlenav ul a.cited:visited {
	color:#000;
	padding:3px 5px 3px 27px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/icons/cited.gif) 5px 4px no-repeat;
}


/* end articlenav styles */


/* about the cover styles */
#about-cover #content h2 {
	font-size:90%;
	margin:0 0 1em 0;
}

#about-cover #content div.coverimage {
	padding:10px 10px 0 10px;
	background:#eaeaea;
	text-align:center;
	margin-top:1em;
}

#about-cover #content div.coverimage img {width:100%;}

#about-cover #content div.covertext {
	padding:10px;
	background:#eaeaea;
	text-align:left;
	margin-bottom:2em;
	font-size:90%;
}

#about-cover #content div.covertext p {
	margin:1em 0 0 0;
	font-size:90%;
}
/* end about the cover styles */


/* extranav register recommend receive */
div.reg-rec {
	margin-bottom:20px;
}

div.reg-rec a {
	display:block;
	font-size:70%;
}

div.reg-rec a.register {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/extranav_register.gif) 0 7px no-repeat;
	border-top:1px solid #eaeaea;
	padding:0.4em 0 0.6em 20px;
}

div.reg-rec a.recommend {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/extranav_recommend.gif) 0 6px no-repeat;
	border-top:1px solid #eaeaea;
	padding:0.4em 0 0.6em 20px;
}


div.reg-rec a.receive {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/extranav_receive.gif) 0 5px no-repeat;
	border-top:1px solid #eaeaea;
	padding:0.6em 0 0.5em 20px;
}

div.reg-rec a.twitter {
	background:url(http://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/t_mini-c.png) 0 7px no-repeat;
	border-top:1px solid #eaeaea;
	padding:0.4em 0 0.6em 20px;
}

div.reg-rec a.facebook {
background-color: transparent;
background:url("/common/images/icons/fbook.gif") 0 5px no-repeat;
padding:0.4em 0 0.6em 20px;
}



div.reg-rec a span.link {text-decoration:underline;}
div.reg-rec a span.rest {color:#000;}
div.reg-rec a:link, div.reg-rec a:visited {text-decoration:none;}

div.reg-rec a.newsfeed:link, div.reg-rec a.newsfeed:visited {
	text-decoration:none;
	color:#666;
	padding-left:10px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_grey.gif) 0 0.5em no-repeat;
}
div.reg-rec a.newsfeed:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
	color:#c03;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_red.gif) 0 0.5em no-repeat;
}
/* end extranav register recommend receive */

/* homepage styles */
#home img.journal-cover {margin-bottom:5px;}

#home div.welcome {
	border:solid 1px #000;
	padding:10px;
	margin-bottom:15px;
	background:#B4CEDE;
}

#home div.welcome h1 {
	margin:0;
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
}

#home div.welcome p {
	margin:0;
	font-size:90%;
}

#home #content a.coverlinks:link, #home #content a.coverlinks:visited {
	display:block;
	margin:0;
	padding-left:10px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue.gif) left center no-repeat;
}
#home #content a.coverlinks:hover {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue.gif) left center no-repeat;
}




/* featured articles */
#home div.featured-articles {margin:0 0 1em 163px;}

#home div.featured-articles h2 {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:80%;
	margin:0;
}

#home div.featured-articles a {
	display:block;
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
	padding-bottom:15px;
	text-decoration:none;
}
#home div.featured-articles a span {
	text-decoration:underline;
}
#home div.featured-articles a span.free {
	text-decoration:none;
	color:#c03;
}
#home div.featured-articles a span.sub {
	text-decoration:none;
	color:#000000;
	font-weight:normal;
	padding-top:4px;
	font-size:70%;
}

#home div.featured-articles div.supplementary {
	padding-top:5px;
	border-top:solid 1px #eaeaea;
}

#home div.featured-articles div.supplementary a:link, #home div.featured-articles div.supplementary a:visited, #home div.featured-articles div.supplementary a:hover {
	display:inline;
	font-weight:normal;
	font-size:70%;
	color:#c03;
}
/* end featured articles */

/* journal details */
#home div.journal-details {
	float:left;
	width:150px;
	font-size:70%;
	margin-bottom:1em;
}

#home div.journal-details p {
	margin:1em 0 0 0;
}

#home div.journal-details p span.volume, #home div.journal-details p span.impact {font-weight:bold;}
/* end journal details */

/* news */
#home div.news {
	clear:left;
	margin-bottom:20px;
}

#home div.news p {
	font-size:90%;
	margin:0;
	margin-bottom:10px;
}

#home div.news h2 {
	font-size:90%;
}

#home div.news p a {font-weight:bold;}

/* RB news 03072009 */
#home div.news p.newslist{
	font-size:100%;
	margin:0;
	margin-bottom:5px;
}

#home div.news p a.news-arrow-blue
{
background-color: transparent;
background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue.gif);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: scroll;
background-position: 6px 0.5em;
padding-left: 20px;
}

/* end news */

/* jump navigation on home page R Barrett 07 12 2006*/

#home #content ul li a.jump {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue_down.gif) 6px 0.5em no-repeat;
	font-size: 90%;
	padding-left:20px;
	}

/* external jump navigation on home page E Gale 23 11 2007*/

#home #content ul li a.arrow-blue {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue.gif) 6px 0.5em no-repeat;
	font-size: 90%;
	padding-left:20px;
	}

/* end jump */

/* no bullet list added bu E Gale 05 12 2007 */
#home #content ul.no-bullet {list-style-type: none}

#home #content div.research-reviews {clear:both;}

/*following style added by PAP 120706 */
#home #content div.main ul {font-size: 90%}
/* end new style */

/* highlights */
#home div.highlights {margin-bottom:20px;}

#home div.highlights h1 {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:100%;
	color:#c03;
	background:#eaeaea;
	padding:3px 0 3px 10px;
	margin:0;
}

#home div.highlights a {font-weight:bold;}

#home div.highlights p {
	margin:0;
	margin-bottom:10px;
}

#home div.highlights p.norm a {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
}

#home div.highlights p.norm span {
	font-style:italic;
	font-size:70%;
}

#home div.highlights p.box {
	font-size:90%;
	background:#eaeaea;
	padding:10px;
	margin:0;
	margin-bottom:10px;
}

#home div.highlights p.intro {
	font-size:70%;
	padding:5px 10px;/* tb/lr */
	margin:0;
}
/* end highlights */

/* homepage date */
#home #extranav p.date {
	font-size:70%;
	margin:0 0 5px 0;
	padding:0;
}
/* end homepage date */
/* end homepage styles */


/* info pages */
#info #content a.jump {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue_down.gif) 6px 0.5em no-repeat;
	padding-left:20px;
	}

#info #content a.arrow-blue {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue.gif) 6px 0.5em no-repeat;
	padding-left:20px;
	}

a.politics-link {border: #036 solid 1px;
			font-weight:bold;
			background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue.gif) 6px 0.5em no-repeat;
			padding-left:10px;
			margin-left: 12px;
			background-color:#a7c9ff;}

#info #content h2 {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:100%;
	color:#fff;
	padding:3px 0 3px 10px;
	margin:0;
	text-transform:none;
}

#info #content h2.subscribe {
	font-size:90%;
	margin-bottom:0;
}

#info #content p.follows-h2 {
	font-size:90%;
	margin-top:0;
}

#info #content p.pdf-format {
	font-size:80%;
	margin:2em 0;/* tb/lr */
	padding-left:20px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/icons/fff/pdf.gif) left center no-repeat;
}

#info #content p.norm {font-size:90%;}

#info #content p.indent{font-size:90%; margin-left: 20px; }

/* Editor name required in bold on Ed board added 14/7/06 PAP */
#info #content span.editor-name {font-weight: bold;
}
/* end Editor name style} */

#info #content ul.no-bullet {list-style-type: none}

#info #content ul.addresses {
	list-style-type: none;
	margin:0;
	padding:0;
}

/* 2 column keyword lists added 120706 by PAPcode from Jude Robinson */
#info #content ul.keywords {list-style-type:none;
	margin-left:0;
	padding-left:0;
}

#info #content ul.keywords li {
	height:2ex;/* for mac ie (doesn't understand min-height) */
	/*\*/height:auto;/**/
	min-height:3ex;
	float:left;
	width:49.5%;
	margin:0;
	padding:0;
}

#info #content ul.keywords li ul {list-style-type:none;
	margin-left:0;
	padding-left:0;
}

#info #content ul.keywords li ul li {width:99%}
/* end 2 column keyword lists */

#info #content ul.addresses li {margin-bottom: 15px;
}

#info #content ul.inline {list-style-type: none;
}

#info #content ul.inline li {display: inline;
}

#info #content ul.links li {padding-bottom:0px;
}

#info #content li {
font-size:90%;
padding-bottom:8px;
}


#info #content h3 {
	font-size:90%;
	margin-bottom:0;
}

#info #content p.follows-h3 {
	font-size:90%;
	margin-top:0;
}

#info #content h4 {
	font-size:90%;
	margin-bottom:0;
}

#info #content p.follows-h4 {
	font-size:90%;
	margin-top:0;
}


#info #content div.image {
	padding:10px 10px 5px 10px;
	background:#EFEFEF;
	text-align:center;
	margin-top:1em;
}

#info #content div.image img {width:100%;}

/* table styles */
#info #content table {
	font-size:90%;
	width:100%;
	text-align:left;
}

#info #content table.referees th {
	background:#eaeaea;
	font-weight:bold;
	padding:2px 10px 2px 10px;
}

#info #content table.referees td {
	background:#f5f5f5;
	padding:2px 10px 2px 10px;
}

#info #content table.price tr.header td {background:#eaeaea;}

#info #content table.price tr.header th {
	background:#eaeaea;
	color:#000;
}

#info #content table.price td, #info #content table.price th {
	padding:2px 10px 2px 10px;
	background:#f5f5f5;
}



#info #content table.subscribe tr.journal td {background:#f5f5f5;
	padding:2px;
	font-size:70%;
	min-width:140px;
	max-width:140px;
}

#info #content table.subscribe tr.journal th {
	background:#eaeaea;
	text-align:left;
	width:100%;
	padding:2px;
}

#info #content table.subscribe tr.header th {
	background:#dddddd;
	/*font-weight:normal;*/
	padding:2px;
}


/* end table styles */

/* PP styles - added 20041124 */
#info #content a.receive {
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/extranav_receive.gif) 0 5px no-repeat;
	padding:0.6em 0 0.5em 20px;
}

/* boxout content on instructions to authors - added 20060526 */
#info div.boxstyle {
}


/* PP styles - added 20050504 */
#info #articles a {font-weight:bold;}

/* end PP styles */








/* end info pages */

/* article styles */
#article #content div {padding-bottom:1.5em;}

#article #content div.norm {padding-bottom:1em;}

#article #content h2 .free {font-size:80%;}

#article #content h3 {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:100%;
	color:#fff;
	background:#fab934;
	padding:3px 0 3px 10px;
	margin:0 0 0 0;
}

#article #content h4.norm {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
	margin:1em 0 0 0;
}

#article #content h5.norm {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
	display:inline;
}

#article #content h6.norm {
	font-weight:normal;
	font-style:italic;
	font-size:90%;
	display:inline;
}

#article #content div p.norm {
	font-size:90%;
	margin:1em 0 1em 0;
}

#article #content div p.legend {
	font-size:90%;
	margin:1em 0 1em 0;
}


/* RB style added for standard open logo & text at foot of author-paid articles (after PAP on AJ group stylsheet)*/

#article #content #open-end p {
	font-size: 80%;
	padding-left: 180px;
	margin-top: 0pt;
}

#open-left {
	float:left;
	margin: 10px 10px 0 0;
	padding-bottom: 0px !important;
}

/* end RB new style for author-paid articles */


/* short quote */
#article #content div q.pullquote {
	font-size:90%;
	margin:1em 0 0 0;
	padding:0.5em 10% 0.5em 10%;
	border-top:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #eaeaea;
	text-align:center;
	display:block;
}
/* end short quote */

/* long quote */
#article #content div blockquote.pullquote {
	font-size:90%;
	margin:1em 0 0 0;
	padding:0 10% 0 10%;
	border-top:1px solid #eaeaea;
	border-bottom:1px solid #eaeaea;
	text-align:center;
}
/* end long quote */

#article #content p.follows-h4 {
	font-size:90%;
	margin:0 0 0 0;
}

#article #content p.follows-h5 {
	font-size:90%;
	display:inline;
}

#article #content p.follows-h6 {
	font-size:90%;
	display:inline;
}

#article #content ol {font-size:90%;}
#article #content ul {font-size:90%;}
#article #content dl {font-size:90%;}
#article #content #subjectcategories {font-size:70%;}
#article #content #cite {font-size:70%;}
#article #content #errorcor {font-size:70%;}
#article #content #errorcor a {color:#c03;}
#article #content #artsubhead, #article #content #atl {font-size:130%; font-weight:normal;}
#article #content #artnote {font-size:90%;}
#article #content #aug {font-size:90%;}
#article #content p.reviewtl {font-size:90%;font-weight:bold;}
#article #content p.hbiblio {font-size:90%;}
#article #content p.caff {font-size:70%;}
#article #content p.aunote {font-size:70%;}
#article #content p.tlnote {font-size:70%;}
#article #content p.prdates {font-size:70%;}
#article #content p.prf {font-size:90%;}
#article #content p.footnote {font-size:90%;}
#article #content p.endnote {font-size:90%;}
#article #content p.closenote {font-size:90%;}
#article #content div.figure-table img {border:0;}

/* affiliations styles */
#article #affiliations-notes ol {
	list-style-type:none;
	margin-left:0;
	padding-left:0;
	font-size:70%;
}
#article #affiliations-notes p {
	font-size:70%;

}
/* was: list-style-position:inside; */
/* end affiliations styles */



/* abstract styles */
#article #content #abs p {font-size:90%;}

#article #content #abs p.abs,
#article #content #abs ul li {
	font-weight:bold;
}

#article #content #abs h4.abs {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
	display:inline;
}

#article #content #abs p.follows-h4 {
	display:inline;
}

#article #content #abs div {
	padding-bottom:0;/* overrides style from #article #content div */
	margin-top:1em;
}

#article #content #abs div.keyw-abbr h4.keywords {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:70%;
	display:inline;
}

#article #content #abs div.keyw-abbr p.keywords {
	font-size:70%;
	display:inline;
}

#article #content #abs div.keyw-abbr h4.abbreviations {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:70%;
	display:inline;
}

#article #content #abs div.keyw-abbr p.abbreviations {
	font-size:70%;
	display:inline;
}
/* end abstract styles */

/* figure/table styles */
#article #content div.figure-table {
	margin-top:2em;
	padding:10px;
	background-color:#eaeaea;
}

#article div.figure-table h5 {
	display:block;
	margin-bottom:10px;
}

#article #content div.figure-table img.thumb {
	border:0;
	float:left;
	margin:10px 10px 0 0;
}

#article #content div.figure-table p {
	font-size:70%;
	margin:10px 0 10px 160px;
}


#article #content div.figure-table a.full {
	font-size:70%;
	margin-left:160px;
	margin-top:10px;
	display:block;
	padding-left:25px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/full_figure.gif) 0 0 no-repeat;
}

#article #content div.formula {
	margin-top:1em;
	padding:0;
}

/* end figure/table styles */

#article #content span.journal {font-style:italic;}
#article #content span.jnumber {font-weight:bold;}

/* abstract styles */

#article #content #more div.box {
	padding:10px 10px 20px 10px;
	border: 1px solid #eaeaea;
}

#article #content #more div.container {
	padding:0;
	margin-top:1.5em;
}

#article #content #more p.intro {
	font-size:70%;
	margin:0;
}

#article #content #more h4.area {
	font-size:70%;
	margin:0;
}

#article #content #more p.title {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
	margin:0;
}

#article #content #more p.source {
	font-size:70%;
	margin:0;
}

#article #content #more p.source span.journal {font-style:italic;}

#article #content #more p.seeall {
	font-size:70%;
	margin:0;
}

#article #content #more p.seeall a {
	padding-left:10px;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_red.gif) left center no-repeat;
	color:#c03;
}
/* end abstract styles */

/* PD - added 20041118 */
#article #content ul.none {list-style-type:none}
/* add a small margin to separate references for easier viewing */
#article #content #References li {margin-bottom: 0.5em}
/* references without id attributes should not be numbered */
#article #content #References ol.nolistnumber { list-style-type:none;  }
/* end PD - added 20041118 */

#article-related #content .norm {font-size:90%;}
/* end article styles */

/* PAP - added 20090622 */
/* more articles like this - article page */
#article #content #more-like-this {
	border:#e7e7e7 solid 1px;
	padding:10px 10px 20px 10px;
	clear:both; /* to make sure in article ad doesn't float over the top in short articles */
}

#article #content #more-like-this div.wrapper {
	padding:0;
	margin-top:1.5em;
}

#article #content #more-like-this p.explain {
	font-size:80%;
	margin:0;
	margin-top:1.5em;
}

#article #content #more-like-this a.article {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:90%;
	margin:0;
}

#article #content #more-like-this p.journal {
	font-size:80%;
	margin:0;
	margin-bottom:1em;
	font-style:italic;
}

#article #content #more-like-this p.journal span {font-style:normal;}

#article #content #more-like-this h4.area {
	font-size:80%;
	margin:0;
	margin-bottom:1em;
}

#article #content #more-like-this a.allmatches {
	font-size:80%;
	margin:0 ;
	color:#c03;
	margin-top:1.5em;
	padding-left:10px;
	background:url(/common/images/arrow_red.gif) left center no-repeat;
}

/* end more like this */


/* subscribe now page */
#subscribe-now #content div.container {
	padding:10px;
	background-color:#eaeaea;
	border:1px solid #ccc;
	margin-bottom:1em;
}

#subscribe-now #content div.container div.column1 {
	width:47%;
	float:left;
}

#subscribe-now #content div.container div.column2 {
	width:49%;
	padding-left:3%;
	float:right;
	background:url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/fff.gif) top left repeat-y;
}

#subscribe-now #content p.intro {font-size:90%;}
#subscribe-now #content input.button {font-size:90%;}

#subscribe-now #content ul {
	font-size:90%;
	list-style-type: none;
	margin-left:0;
	padding-left:0;
}

#subscribe-now #content div.container p {
	font-size:90%;
	margin-bottom:0.5em;
}

#subscribe-now #content div.container h2 {
	font-size:90%;
	font-weight:bold;
	margin-top:0;
	background: transparent;
}

#subscribe-now #content div.container h3.first {margin-top:0;}
/* end subscribe now page */

/* jobs search box */
.jbsnorm {
	font: 10px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	color:#000000;
	text-decoration:none;
}

A.jbslink {
	font: 10px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	color:#000; font-weight: bold;
	text-decoration:underline;

}
A.jbslink:hover {
	font: 10px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	color:#cc3300;font-weight: bold;
	text-decoration:underline;
}
A.jbslink:visited {
	font: 10px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	color:#000000;font-weight: bold;
	text-decoration:underline;
}

.jbs_red {
	font: 10px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	color:#cc3300; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline;
}
.jbs_red:hover {
	font: 10px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	color:#000000; font-weight:normal;
	text-decoration:underline;
}
.jbs_red:visited {
	font: 10px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	color:#cc3300; font-weight:normal;
	text-decoration:underline;
}

/* Nonstandard leaderboard wrap
 #header .header-adboard-wrapnonstandard {
	padding-left:1%;
	padding-right:1%;
	background:#ff0000;
	overflow:hidden;/* prevents horizontal scroll bar at window widths less than 728px */
}


/* TOP TEN TABLE OF CONTENTS STYLE */
/* Copied from AJ group CSS RBarrett 05.12.2007 */

/* topten */
#toc-001 #content h2.topten {
	background:#e7e7e7;
	border:0;
	padding:3px 7px;
}

#toc-001 #content .backtotop.topten {
	background-color:#e7e7e7;
	display:block;
	text-align:right;
	float:none;
	margin:0;
	padding:3px 17px;
	background-position:99% center;
}

* html #toc-001 #content ol.topten {text-align:left;}/* weird IE inherits "text-align:right" from a non-parent element */
#toc-001 #content ol.topten {
	list-style-type:none;
	padding:0;
	margin:0;
	background:#fafafa;
}

#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_1 {background:url(/common/images/topten/01.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_2 {background:url(/common/images/topten/02.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_3 {background:url(/common/images/topten/03.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_4 {background:url(/common/images/topten/04.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_5 {background:url(/common/images/topten/05.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_6 {background:url(/common/images/topten/06.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_7 {background:url(/common/images/topten/07.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_8 {background:url(/common/images/topten/08.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_9 {background:url(/common/images/topten/09.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#toc-001 #content ol.topten li.topten_10 {background:url(/common/images/topten/10.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}

#toc-001 #content ol.topten {
	list-style-type:none;
	padding:0;
	margin:0;
	background:#fafafa;
	border-top:1px solid #e7e7e7;
}

#toc-001 #content ol.topten .spacing {
	border-bottom:1px solid #e7e7e7;
	padding:7px;
	margin:0;
}

#toc-001 #content ol.topten .subject {
	border-bottom:0;
	margin:0 0 5px 0;
}
/* end topten */



/*
new styles added for topten 24.7.2007 M1
again pasted RBarrett 05.12.2007
*/

/* right nav styles */

#extranav a.rss, #extranav a.receive
{
	padding-top:5px;
	}

#extranav a.topten:link,
#extranav a.topten:visited,
#extranav a.topten:hover {
	background:url(/pal/images/icon_topten.gif) left bottom no-repeat transparent;
	padding: 7px 0 2px 22px;
	margin-top: 0px;
	border-top:none;
}

/* top ten styles */

* html #content ol.topten {text-align:left;}/* weird IE inherits "text-align:right" from a non-parent element */

#toc #content p.intro {
	font-size:90%;
}

#toc #content ol.topten {
	list-style-type:none;
	padding:0;
	margin:5px 0 0;
	background:#fafafa;
}

#content ol.topten li.topten_1 {background:url(/common/images/topten/01.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_2 {background:url(/common/images/topten/02.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_3 {background:url(/common/images/topten/03.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_4 {background:url(/common/images/topten/04.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_5 {background:url(/common/images/topten/05.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_6 {background:url(/common/images/topten/06.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_7 {background:url(/common/images/topten/07.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_8 {background:url(/common/images/topten/08.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_9 {background:url(/common/images/topten/09.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}
#content ol.topten li.topten_10 {background:url(/common/images/topten/10.gif) no-repeat 98.5% 10px;}

#content ol.topten {
	list-style-type:none;
	padding:0;
	margin:0;
	background:#fafafa;
	border-top:1px solid #e7e7e7;
}

#content ol.topten div {
	border-bottom:1px solid #e7e7e7;
	padding:7px;
	margin:0;
}

#toc #content ol.topten h3.category {
	background-color:transparent;
	color:#000;
	padding-left:7px;
}

#toc #content ol.topten .subject {
	padding-left:7px;
	margin:1em 0 0;
}

#toc #content ol.topten .atl {
	padding-right:50px;
}

/* category archive styles added by PAP 08/04/2010 required styles copied from aj/group/style.css */
/* change display */
#toc-001 #content .changedisplay {
	border:1px solid #e7e7e7;
	margin:10px 0 20px 0;
	background:#fdfdfd;
}

#toc-001 #content .changedisplay h2 {
	background:#e7e7e7;
	font-size:90%;
	margin:0;
	padding:3px 7px;
}

#toc-001 #content .changedisplay ul {
	list-style-type:none;
	margin:0;
	padding:3px 7px 9px 7px;
}

#toc-001 #content .changedisplay li {
	display:inline;
	font-size:80%;
	border-right:1px solid #e7e7e7;
	padding-left:3px;
	padding-right:6px;
}

#toc-001 #content .changedisplay li.first {
	border-left:0;
	padding-left:0;
}

#toc-001 #content .changedisplay li.last {
	padding-right:0;
	border-right:0;
}

/* month display */
#toc-001 #content .changedisplay.month li {
	padding-left:3px;
	padding-right:6px;
}
/* end month display */
/* end change display */

#toc-001 #content h2.subject,
#toc-001 #content h3.subject {
	font-size:90%;
	font-weight:bold;
	padding:3px 0 0px 0;
	margin: 5px 0 0 0;
	border-bottom:1px solid #e7e7e7;
	text-transform: uppercase;
}

#toc-001 #content h3.atl,
#toc-001 #content h4.atl,
#toc-001 #content h5.atl,
#toc-001 #content h6.atl {
	font-size:90%;
	display:inline;
}

/* IE8 fix to header search bar rbarrett Mar 2010*/

#head-er .search {height:1%;}

/* RB 26/04/2011 adding TOC page list style, for collections pages */
/* to display Recommend and Subscribe links correctly              */
/* copied from JPHP collections                                    */

#toc #content ul.collections
{
font-size: 90%;
list-style-type:none;
padding-left:0;
margin-left:0;
}



/* end featured title */



/* export citation links */
#content .export-sub {
	display: none;
	list-style-type: none;
	padding: 7px 0 0 10px;
}

#articlenav .export-sub {
	padding: 0 0 0 10px;
	display: none;
}

#home #content div.main ol {
    font-size: 90%;	
}



/* RB Generic web focus entries on main pages */



#home #content div.main div.container ol {

list-style-type:none;
	list-style-position:inside;
	padding: 0;
	margin-left: 0;
}


#home #content .atl {
	font-weight:bold;
	font-size:100%;
	color:#000000;
	margin:0;
}

#home #content p.aug {
	font-size:100%;
	color:#000000;
	margin:0;
}

#home #content p.bib {
font-size: 70%;
color: #000000;
margin-top: 0pt;
margin-right: 0pt;
margin-bottom: 0pt;
margin-left: 0pt;
}

#home #content div.main ol p.links a{
    font-size: 100%;	
    font-weight: normal;
}

#home #content p.links {
	font-size:70%;
	font-weight:normal;
	margin:0;
}

#home #content div.container {margin:0 0 20px 0;}

#home #content div.container div {
	padding:1em 0 1em 0;
	border-bottom:1px solid #eaeaea;
}

#home #content div.container div.last {border-bottom:0;}
#home #content div.container div.no-border {border-bottom:0;}
#home #content div.container div a.seealso {margin-top:0.3em;}


/* RB duplicating TOC-style article view for Palgraveopen homepage */

#home #content div.mainopen ol {
font-size: 90%;
}

#home #content div.mainopen div.welcome {
font-size: 90%;
}



/* RB "show-hide" script: style for hidden content */


   .more {
      display: none;
      /* border-top: 1px dotted #aaa; */
      /* border-bottom: 1px dotted #aaa; */
      margin-bottom: 10px;
      margin-top: 4px;
      padding-bottonm:20px;
      }
   a.showLink, a.hideLink {
      text-decoration: none;
      color: #36f;
      padding-left: 15px; padding-left-value: 15px; padding-left-ltr-source: physical; padding-left-rtl-source: physical;
      background: transparent url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue_down.gif) no-repeat left; }
   a.hideLink {
      background: transparent url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_blue_up.gif) no-repeat left; }
   a.showLink:hover, a.hideLink:hover {
      border-bottom: 1px dotted #36f; }



/* RB 2013-10-31 line height fix to super & subscript body text */
sub, sup { 
	font-size: 75%;
	line-height: 0; 
	position: relative; 
	vertical-align: baseline; 
}

sup { 
	top: -0.5em; 
}
sub { 
	bottom: -0.25em; 
}

/* SUBJECT NAVIGATION BLOCKS */

#home #content div.subjectnav {
 width:100%;margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;
 }
    
    
#home #content div.subjectnav ul {
        margin: 0px;
        padding:0px;
    }
    
#home #content div.subjectnav ul li {
font-size:0px;
        display:inline-block;
        list-style-type:none;
        min-width: 142px;
        max-width: 142px;
        min-height: 143px;
        margin-left:auto;
         margin-right:2px;
       	padding:0px;
        	
    }
 #home #content div.subjectnav ul li a { 
 border:none;
 }
   
   
#home #content div.subjectnav ul li img
{
    border:none;
    filter: none;
    -webkit-filter: none;
}
#home #content div.subjectnav ul li img:hover
{
border: none;
filter: url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\'><filter id=\'grayscale\'><feColorMatrix type=\'matrix\' values=\'0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0 0 0 1 0\'/></filter></svg>#grayscale"); /* Firefox 10+, Firefox on Android */
filter: gray; /* IE6-9 */
-webkit-filter: grayscale(100%); /* Chrome 19+, Safari 6+, Safari 6+ iOS */
}



/* Adding Open-Access Class 11/03/2014 RB    */
/* Derived from AJ CSS SALT-1702 -           */

#content .open-access {
    color: #F5821F;
	display: inline;
	font-family: arial;
	font-size: 90%;
	font-weight: bold;
    margin-left: 3px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
	text-decoration: none !important 	
}

/* additional Focus styles for Special Issue/Web focus with Intro box and image */
/* Copied directly from AJ group.css by EG 28.07.14 */

/* focus styles:
 * Note no #content used - this enables re-use of #toc-001 styles in 
 * #article pages by wrapping content in <div id="toc">
 */
#toc-001 .focus-title {
	font-size:90%;
	background:#263055;
	color:#fff;
	margin-bottom:0;
	margin-top:10px;
	padding:2px 5px;
	border:1px solid #e7e7e7;
	border-bottom:0;
}

#toc-001 div.issue.foc {
	border-top:0;
	padding:1px 0 0 0!important;
	/*margin-bottom:20px;*/
	float:left;/* to clear */
}

#toc-001 div.issue.foc div.issue-links {
	margin-left:0;
	margin-top:0;
	padding:0 0 20px 158px;
	float:left;
}

#toc-001 .issue.foc dl.issue {
	font-size:90%;
	margin-top:5px;
}

#toc-001 .issue.foc dl.issue dt {display:inline;}
#toc-001 .issue.foc dl.issue dd {
	display:inline;
	padding:0;
	margin:0;
}

/*additional focus styles added by PAP 04/12/07 */

p.focus-box {
	font-size: 90%;
	margin: 1em;
	
/*end of additional focus styles */