Correspondence: Ashby H. B. Monk, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK. Email: ashby.monk@chch.ox.ac.uk

¹is the Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography at the University of Oxford and Professorial Fellow of St Peter's College, Oxford. He is also a senior research fellow at Harvard University's Labor and Worklife Program. The author of Pensions and Corporate Restructuring in American Industry (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), Pension Fund Capitalism (Oxford University Press, 2000), and European Pensions & Global Finance (OUP, 2003), he is the co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of Pensions and Retirement Income (OUP, 2006).

²is a PhD candidate at Christ Church, University of Oxford. His doctoral research focuses on the impact of competitive strategy and globalisation on the design and implementation of corporate benefit systems. He holds graduate and undergraduate economics degrees from the Sorbonne (Paris I) and Princeton University, respectively.

Received 23 October 2006; Revised 23 October 2006.

Abstract

Once an integral component of company-sponsored compensation schemes in many Western economies, private defined benefit (DB) pensions are in decline. For many, DB schemes (and their related healthcare liabilities, depending on the jurisdiction) have hobbled the financial well being of plan sponsors and even whole sectors of industry. If a constraint on shareholder value in the short-term, these schemes threaten long-term corporate survival in the emerging global economy. While there remains considerable debate over the ability of financial markets to adequately price DB liabilities, there is a growing industry devoted to estimating their long-term risks with respect to longevity, inflation and cost. In this two-part paper, we begin by surveying the nature and significance of the problem, focusing upon UK and US private employer-sponsored plans. It is suggested that the 'crisis' was apparent, for those willing to look, a decade ago. Its significance was papered-over by the 1990s stock market bubble and high interest rates but has returned through what many analysts identify as a 'perfect storm'. Having documented the nature and scope of the 'perfect storm' in part I, we then evaluate the proffered solutions to the crisis in part II, focusing on financial engineering, government intervention and private sector negotiation. In the final sections of the paper, we set out the principles that should guide the design of new kinds of employer-sponsored plans noting that if, as suggested by many experts, Western economies are entering an era of increasing labour shortage, private pensions will continue to have an important role in managing human capital.