Skip to main content
Log in

Controlling retail theft with CCTV domes, CCTV public view monitors, and protective containers: A randomized controlled trial

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Security Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Theft crimes injure individuals and businesses while distorting their routine activities. US retail theft losses are now estimated at over $16 billion annually causing retail crime prevention practitioners to deploy situational crime prevention measures alongside routine precautions. However, field practitioners lack theoretically grounded experimental research to more accurately assess asset protection method efficacy. This article describes the results of a 47 store location randomized controlled trial (RCT) of three situational crime prevention treatments (in-aisle closed-circuit television (CCTV) public view monitors, in-aisle CCTV domes, polycarbonate protective keeper or safer boxes). The treatments’ contextual mechanisms of action (MOA) are also described to further evaluate their effectiveness while providing insight for practical process adjustment. The study provided positive evidence of the three treatments’ MOA impacts on existing opportunity structures, as well as their real-world efficacy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bamfield, J. (2003) Stealing from shops: A survey of the European dimension. In: M. Gill (ed.) Crime at Work Volume 3 : Managing Security. Leicester, UK: Perpetuity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamfield, J. (2004) Shrinkage, shoplifting and the cost of retail crime in Europe: A cross-sectional analysis of major retailers in 16 European countries. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 32 (5): 235–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bamfield, J. (2010) The Global Retail Theft Barometer 2010. Thorofare, NJ: Checkpoint Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, K.J., Sidebottom, A. and Ekblom, P. (2009) CRITIC: A prospective planning tool for crime prevention evaluation designs. Crime Prevention and Community Safety 11 (1): 48–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braga, A.A. (2001) The effects of hot spots on policing. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 578 (1): 104–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brantingham, P.J. and Brantingham, P.L. (1993) Environment, routine and situation: Toward a pattern theory of crime. In: R.V. Clarke and M. Felson (eds.) Routine Activity and Rational Choice: Advances in Criminological Theory. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. and Cornish, D. (2003) Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: A reply to Wortley's critique of situational crime prevention. In: M. Smith and D.B. Cornish (eds.) Theory for Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 16. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R.V. (1995) Situational crime prevention. In: M. Tonry and D. Farrington (eds.) Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R.V. (1997) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, 2nd edn. Albany, NY: Harrow and Heston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R.V. (1999) Hot Products: Understanding, Anticipating and Reducing Demand for Stolen Goods. London, UK: Home Office, Police Research Series, Paper 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R.V. (2008) Situational crime prevention. In: R. Wortley and L. Mazzerolle (eds.) Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis. Portland, OR: Willan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R.V. (2009) Situational crime prevention: Theoretical background and current practice. In M.D. Krohn, A.J. Lizotte and G.P. Hall (eds.) Handbook of Crime and Deviance. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R.V. and Eck, J.E. (2003) Become a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst: In 55 Small Steps. London: Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science.

  • Clarke, R.V. and Eck, J.E. (2005) Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers. In 60 Small Steps, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (2003) Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: A reply to Wortley's critique of situational crime prevention. Prevention Studies 16: 41–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (2008) The rational choice perspective. In: R. Wortley and L. Mazerolle (eds.) Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corsten, D. and Gruen, T. (2003) Desperately seeking shelf availability: An examination of the extent, the causes, and the efforts to address retail out-of-stocks. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 31 (12): 605–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cromwell, P., Parker, L. and Mobley, S. (2010) The five-finger discount. In: P. Cromwell (ed.) In Their Own Words: Criminals on Crime, 5th edn. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cusson, M. (1993) A strategic analysis of crime: Criminal tactics as responses to pre-criminal situations. In: R.V. Clarke and M. Felson (eds.) Routine Activity and Rational Choice. Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 5. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabney, D.A., Hollinger, R.C. and Dugan, L. (2004) Who actually steals? A study of covertly observed shoplifters. Justice Quarterly 21 (4): 693–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eck, J.E. (2002) Preventing crime at places. In: L.W. Sherman, D.P. Farrington, B. Welsh and D.L. MacKenzie (eds.) Evidence-Based Crime Prevention. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eck, J.E. and Madensen, T. (2009) Using signatures of opportunity structures to examine mechanisms in crime prevention evaluations. In: J. Knutsson and N. Tilley (eds.) Crime Prevention Studies, Volume 24 : Evaluating Crime Reduction Initiatives. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eck, J.E. and Spelman, W. (1987) Who ya gonna call? The police as problem-busters. Crime and Delinquency 33 (1): 31–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eck, J., Clarke, R.V. and Guerette, R. (2007) Risky facilities: Crime concentrations in homogeneous sets of establishments and facilities. In: G. Farrell, K.J. Bowers, S.D. Johnson and M. Townsley (eds.) Crime Prevention Studies: Vol. 21, Imagination for crime prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 225–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D.P. (1983) Randomized experiments on crime and justice. In: M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 4. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D.P. (2006) Methodological quality and the evaluation of anticrime programs. Journal of Experimental Criminology 2 (3): 329–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felson, M. (1997) Technology, business, and crime. In: M. Felson and R.V. Clarke (eds.) Business and Crime Prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felson, M. and Boba, R. (2009) Crime and Every Day Life, 4th edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, M., Bilby, C. and Turbin, V. (1999) Retail security: Understanding what deters shop thieves. Journal of Security Administration 22 (1): 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groff, E.R., Weisburd, D. and Yang, S. (2010) Is it important to examine crime trends at a local “Micro” level?: A longitudinal analysis of street to street variability in crime trajectories. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 26 (7): 7–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerette, R.T. and Bowers, K.J. (2009) Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: A review of situational crime prevention evaluations. Criminology 47 (4): 1331–1368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, A.V. (2006) Towards systematic knowledge building: An anticrime R & D continuum. Journal of Experimental Criminology 2 (3): 339–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. (1991) Retail Security and Loss Prevention. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. (1997a) Retail crime control: A new operational strategy. Security Journal 8 (3): 225–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. (1997b) Shop theft: An analysis of apprehended shoplifters. Security Journal 7 (1): 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. (1999) Shop theft: An analysis of shoplifter perceptions and situational factors. Security Journal 12 (2): 7–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. (2003) Loss prevention: Senior management views on current trends and issues. Security Journal 16 (2): 7–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. (2007) Retail Security and Loss Prevention, 2nd edn. London: Palgrave.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. and Cardone, C. (2005) Shoptheft. In: M. Gill (ed.) Security Handbook. London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. and Rogers, K. (2000) Shoplifting and science: Inside the mind of the offender. Paper presented at the National Retail Federation's Annual Loss Prevention Conference; 5 June, Baltimore, MD, United States.

  • Hollinger, R. and Adams, A. (2009) 2008 National Retail Security Survey: Final Report. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.

  • Hollinger, R. and Hayes, R. (1993) The National Shopping Center Security Report. New York: Chain Store Age Executive.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johns, T. and Hayes, R. (2003) Behind the fence: Buying and selling stolen merchandise. Security Journal 16 (4): 7–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lab, S.R. (2010) Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices and Evaluations, 7th edn. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M.W. (2006) Improving the evaluation of anticrime programs: There's work to be done. Journal of Experimental Criminology 2 (4): 517–527, Evaluation of existing programs to validate and provide data for better implementation.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, P. (2005) What works? A critical note on the evaluation of crime reduction initiatives. Crime Prevention and Community Safety 7 (2): 7–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawson, R. and Tilley, N.W. (1997). Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage.

  • Perry, A.E. (2010) Descriptive validity and transparent reporting in randomised controlled trials. In: A. Piquero and D. Weisburd (eds.) Handbook of Quantitative Criminology. Philadelphia, PA: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, A.E., Weisburd, D. and Hewitt, C. (2010) Are criminologists describing randomized controlled trials in ways that allow us to assess them? Findings from a sample of crime and justice trials. Journal of Experimental Criminology 6 (3): 245–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shadish, W.R., Cook, T.D. and Campbell, D.T. (2002) Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L. (1990a) Police crackdowns and residual deterrence. In: M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 12. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L. (1990b) Police crackdowns: Initial and residual deterrence. In: M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L. (2006) “To develop and test:” The inventive difference between evaluation and experimentation. Journal of Experimental Criminology 2 (3): 393–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L. (2007) The power few: Experimental criminology and the reduction of harm. Journal of Experimental Criminology 3 (4): 299–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L. (2010) An introduction to experimental criminology. In: A. Piquero and D. Weisburd (eds.) Handbook of Quantitative Criminology. Philadelphia, PA: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L., Gartin, P.R. and Buerger, M.E. (1989) Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology 27 (1): 27–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S. (1997) Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What's Promising. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L., Farrington, D.P., Welsh, B. and MacKenzie, D. (2002) Evidence-Based Crime Prevention. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, N. (2006) Knowing and doing: Guidance and good practice in crime prevention. In: R. Clarke and J. Knuttson (eds.) Putting Theory to Work: Implementing Situational Prevention and Problem-Oriented Policing, Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 20. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 217–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, N. (2010) Whither problem-oriented policing. Criminology and Public Policy 9 (1): 183–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonglet, M. (2002) Consumer misbehaviour: An exploratory study of Shoplifting. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 1 (4): 336–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Knaap, L.M., Leeuw, F.L., Bogaerts, S. and Nijssen, L.T.j. (2008) Combining Campbell standards and the realist evaluation approach: The best of two worlds? American Journal of Evaluation 29 (1): 48–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D. (2010) Justifying the use of non-experimental methods and disqualifying the use of randomized controlled trials: Challenging folklore in evaluation research in crime and justice. Journal of Experimental Criminology 6 (2): 209–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wellsmith, M. and Burrell, A. (2005) The influence of purchase price and ownership levels on theft targets. British Journal of Criminology 45 (5): 741–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. (2007) Conclusions and directions from evidence-based crime prevention. In: B.C. Welsh and D.P. Farrington (eds.) Preventing Crime: What Works for Children, Offenders, Victims and Places. New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, B.C., Farrington, D.P. and Sherman, L.W. (2000) Costs and Benefits of Preventing Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, S., Mailley, J., Storer, I., McCardle, J., Torrens, G. and Farrell, G. (2008) In safe hands: A review of mobile phone anti-theft designs. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 14 (1): 39–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hayes, R., Downs, D. Controlling retail theft with CCTV domes, CCTV public view monitors, and protective containers: A randomized controlled trial. Secur J 24, 237–250 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2011.12

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2011.12

Keywords

Navigation