Skip to main content
Log in

Actor network theory, agency and racism: The case of sickle cell trait and US athletics

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Social Theory & Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Actor Network Theory (ANT) has invigorated recent social theory. In assessing the agency of things ANT offers a fresh perspective on materiality and on the role of the non-human (animate and inanimate), and has challenged the central place of sociology in social research. One increasingly influential concept associated with ANT is that of ‘assemblage’. The article takes a contemporary concern – the sudden death of student athletes later found to be genetic carriers of sickle cell – and uses this to assess the concept. Although ANT, and the notion of assemblage, offer interesting avenues for research, the difficulty in sustaining a plausible notion of durable, structured social interests carries political consequences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allison, A.C. (1954) Protection afforded by sickle cell trait against subtertian malarial infection. British Medical Journal 1: 290–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Society of Hematology. (2014) Sickle cell trait and athletic participation. http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/Sickle-Cell-Trait.aspx#a3, accessed 14 April 2014.

  • Anionwu, E.N. and Atkin, K. (2001) The Politics of Sickle Cell Anaemia. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bautista, A. (2010) College football’s serial murderer: Sickle cell trait. Marquette Sports Law Review 21(1): 403–424.

  • Bachelard, G. (1934) La Formation de L’Esprit Scientifique. Contribution á, Une Psychanalyse de la Connaissance Objective. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. VRIN, 5 edition, 1967.

  • Bowman, J.E. (1977) Genetic screening programs and public policy. Phylon 38 (2): 117–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callon, M. (1986) Some elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay. In: K. Asdal, B. Brenna and I. Moser (eds.) (2007) Technoscience. The Politics of Interventions. Unipub Norway: Oslo Academic Press, pp. 57–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrington, B. (2011) ‘What I said was racist – But I’m not a racist’: Anti-racism and the white sports/media complex. In: J. Long and K. Spracklen (eds.) Sport and Challenges to Racism. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 83–99.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, B. and Dyson, S.M. (2011) Territory, ancestry and descent: The politics of sickle cell disease. Sociology 45 (6): 963–976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clotfelter, C.T. (2011) Big-time Sports in American Universities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dant, T. (2005) Materiality and Society. Maidenhead, Berks, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis-Antwi, J.A., Culley, L.A., Hiles, D.R. and Dyson, S.M. (2011) ‘I can die today, I can die tomorrow’: Lay perceptions of sickle cell disease in Kumasi, Ghana, at a point of transition. Ethnicity and Health 16 (4–5): 465–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draper, E. (1991) Risky Business: Genetic Testing and Exclusionary Practices in the Hazardous Workplace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, E. (1999) Sports Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilization. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duster, T. (2003) Backdoor to Eugenics, 2nd edn. New York/London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dyson, S.M. and Boswell, G.R. (2009) Sickle Cell and Deaths in Custody. London: Whiting and Birch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichner, E.R. (2007) Sickle cell trait. Journal of Sports Rehabilitation 16 (3): 197–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elam, M. (1999) Living dangerously with Bruno Latour in a hybrid world. Theory Culture and Society 16 (4): 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder-Vass, D. (2008) Searching for realism, structure and agency in actor network theory. British Journal of Sociology 59 (3): 455–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friend, P.D. (1994) So That His Death Will Not Have Been in Vain. Holly Hill, SC: R&M Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullwiley, D. (2011) The Enculturated Gene: Sickle Cell Health Politics and Biological Difference in West Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K. (2006) Blood disorder blamed in death. St. Petersburg Times Online 23 August: 1–3.

  • Grant, A.M. et al (2011) Public health implications of sickle cell trait: A report of the CDC meeting. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41 (6S4): S435–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S.A. (1994) Managing Sickle Cell Disease in Low Income Families. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoberman, J. (1997) Darwin’s Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race. New York: Mariner Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jhally, S. (1984) The spectacle of accumulation: Material and cultural factors in the evolution of the sports/media complex. Critical Sociology 12 (3): 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, L.B., Smith-Whitley, K., Treadwell, M.J., Telfair, J., Grant, A.M. and Ohene-Frempong, K. (2011) Screening US college athletes for their sickle cell disease carrier status. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41 (6S4): S406–S412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kark, J.A., Gardner, J.W., Ward, F.T. and Virmani, R. (2008) Sickle cell trait and fatal exertional heat illness: Implications for exercise-related death of young adults. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA500648&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf, accessed 14 April 2014.

  • Kark, J.A., Posey, D.M., Schumacher, H.R. and Ruehle, C.J. (1987) Sickle cell trait as a risk factor for sudden death in physical training. New England Journal of Medicine 317 (13): 781–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konotey-Ahulu, F.I.D. (1996) The Sickle Cell Disease Patient. Watford, UK: Tetteh-A’Domeno Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konotey-Ahulu, F.I.D. (2011) Blaming sudden death on sickle cell trait?, 14 September, http://www.sicklecell.md/blog/index.php/2011/09/blaming-sudden-death-on-sickle-cell-trait/, acessed on 18 December 2014.

  • Latour, B. (1996) Aramis or the Love of Technology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (2000) When things strike back: A possible contribution of ‘science studies’ to the social sciences. British Journal of Sociology 51 (1): 107–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (2002) Gabriel Tarde and the end of the social. In: P. Joyce (ed.) The Social in Question: New Bearings in History and the Social Sciences. London: Routledge, pp. 117–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (2007) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1986) Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, D., Lonsdorfer, J., Bogui, P. and Fattoum, S. (2007) Point: Counterpoint: Sickle cell trait should/should not be considered asymptomatic and as a benign condition during physical activity. Journal of Applied Physiology 103 (6): 2137–2138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, S.B., Mason, D.G., Mason, M. and Weyman, D. (2008) A Sickle Crisis? Report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. London: NCEPOD, http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2008report1/Downloads/Sicklereport.pdf, accessed on 18 December 2014.

  • Michael, M. (2006) Technoscience and Everyday Life. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2011) Monster within. Champion Magazine 29 November, http://www.ncaastudent.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/ ncaa/resources/latest+news/2011/november/monster+within+-+eckerd+basketball+ standout+kearse+proves+sickle+cell+trait+can+be+a+tamed+monster, accessed 14 April 2014.

  • Nelson, A. (2011) Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nimmo, R. (2011) Actor-network theory and methodology: Social research in a more-than-human world. Methodological Innovations Online 6 (3): 108–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. (1997) Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serjeant, G.R. and Serjeant, B.E. (2001) Sickle Cell Disease, 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobota, A., Neufeld, E.J., Sprinz, P. and Heeney, M.M. (2011) Transition from pediatric to adult care for sickle cell disease: Results of a survey of pediatric providers. American Journal of Hematology 86 (6): 512–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spracklen, K. (2008) The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail: Myths of scientific racism and the pursuit of excellence in sport. Leisure Studies 27 (2): 221–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St Louis, B. (2003) Sport, genetics and the ‘natural athlete’: The resurgence of racial science. Body and Society 9 (2): 75–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, M. (1999) In the Blood: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thrift, N. (1996) Spatial Formations. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. (2012) Whatever happened to knowledge? Social Studies of Science 42 (3): 474–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USA Today. (2013) Settlement reached in death of Mississippi player. 9 July, http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2013/07/09/settlement-reached-in-death-of-mississippi-player/2503297/, accessed 14 April 2014.

  • Winner, L. (1993) Social constructivism: Opening the black box and finding it empty. Science as Culture 3 (3): 427–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bob Carter.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Carter, B., Dyson, S. Actor network theory, agency and racism: The case of sickle cell trait and US athletics. Soc Theory Health 13, 62–77 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2014.17

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2014.17

Keywords

Navigation