Abstract
As our road infrastructure ages, more cities will be faced with the decision of what to do with freeways within their urban core. With local budgets tightening, more cities will begin considering the removal of these roads as a way to save on maintenance and rebuilding costs. In many cases, however, people fear that reducing road capacity will cause traffic gridlock or adversely affect the economy of a city. Limited empirical evidence exists to explain how removing a link affects travel behavior. Understanding how people adjust their transportation choices when faced with the removal of a high-capacity link is critical to planning efforts for future projects. In this study, we examine three case studies of urban freeway removal: two within San Francisco and one within Milwaukee. We performed a comprehensive assessment of travel patterns in the surrounding area, and in the city as a whole, to better assess how travel is impacted after a freeway is removed. The evidence presented in this analysis suggests that many of the fears involved with removing freeways are unwarranted. When this is coupled with the other positive impacts of freeway removal, the results show that freeway removal has very little downside for cities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
California Department of Transportation. (2010) Traffic counts, http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/saferesr/trafdata, accessed 20 October 2010.
Cervero, R., Kang, J. and Shively, K. (2007) From Elevated Freeways to Surface Boulevards: Neighborhood, Traffic, and Housing Price Impacts in San Francisco. University of California Transportation Center, University of California, Berkeley.
City of Birmingham. (2010) Masshouse circus, http://www.birmingham.gov.uk, accessed 5 March 2010.
City of Seattle. (2009) 6 case studies in urban freeway removal, http://www.cityofseattle.net/transportation/docs/ump/06%20SEATTLE%20Case%20studies%20in%20urban%20freeway%20removal.pdf, accessed 10 November 2009.
Corey, Canapary and Galanis Research. (1999) BART Station Profile Study. Oakland, CA: San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District.
Corey, Canapary and Galanis Research. (2009) BART Station Profile Study. Oakland, CA: San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District.
Hastrup, S. (2006) Battle for a neighborhood. Places 18 (2): 66–71.
Llewellyn-Thomas, K. (2010) Dismantling the F.G. Gardiner expressway east: Removing Toronto's elevated expressway one piece at a time, http://www.tac-atc.ca/english/resourcecentre/readingroom/conference/conf2003/pdfs/gadiner.pdf, accessed 10 November 2010.
MacDonald, E. (2006) Building a boulevard. Access 28 (Spring): 2–9.
Massachusetts Department of Transportation. (2009) History of the central artery/tunnel project, http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/background/history.html, accessed 17 November 2009.
Milwaukee Department of City Development. (2011) Proposed, planned, and/or under construction projects within the Park East corridor, http://city.milwaukee.gov/ImageLibrary/Groups/cityDCD/parkeast/update/Projects.pdf, accessed 2 April 2011.
Net Resources International, Inc.. (2010) M30 Madrid calle 30 project. Madrid, Spain,http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/m30_madrid/, accessed 5 March 2010.
New York City Department of Transportation. (2010) Green light for midtown evaluation.
San Francisco Department of Parking and Traffic. (1992) South of Market Cordon Count – Pre-Earthquake and Current. Internal Report.
San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA). (2010) Traffic volume information, http://www.sfmta.com/cms/vhome/hometraffic.htm, accessed 5 June 2010.
San Francisco Planning Department. (2011) Downtown Plan Annual Monitoring Report 2010, http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/Citywide/Downtown_Annual_Report_2010.pdf, accessed 2 April 2011.
The Preservation Institute. (2009a) Milwaukee, WI: Park East freeway, http://www.preservenet.com/freeways/FreewaysParkEast.html, accessed 20 October 2009.
The Preservation Institute. (2009b) New York, NY: West side highway, http://www.preservenet.com/freeways/FreewaysWestSide.html, accessed 15 October 2009.
The Preservation Institute. (2009c) Paris, France: Georges Pompidou expressway, http://www.preservenet.com/freeways/FreewaysPompidou.html, accessed 12 November 2009.
The Preservation Institute. (2009d) San Francisco, CA: Central freeway, http://www.preservenet.com/freeways/FreewaysCentral.html, accessed 1 October 2009.
The Preservation Institute. (2009e) San Francisco, CA: Embarcadero freeway, http://www.preservenet.com/freeways/FreewaysEmbarcadero.html, accessed 1 October 2009.
Wisconsin Department of Transportation. (2010) Milwaukee county traffic counts, http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/travel/counts/milwaukee.htm, accessed 10 February 2010.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Billings, J., Garrick, N. & Lownes, N. Changes in travel patterns due to freeway teardown for three North American case studies. Urban Des Int 18, 165–181 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2012.35
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2012.35